Trait definitions • austraits

Below is the standard definition for each trait in AusTraits (drawn from austraits$definitions).

accessory_cost_mass

label: Mass of seed accessory costs
description: Mass of seed accessory costs, the proportion of a fruit that does not develop into a seed
number of records: 47
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: mg
allowable range: 0.01 - 10000 mg

accessory_cost_fraction

label: Fraction of total reproductive investment to non-seed tissues
description: Fraction of total reproductive investment required to mature a seed that is invested in non-seed tissues
number of records: 47
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: mg/mg
allowable range: 0.01 - 1 mg/mg

bark_delta13C

label: Bark carbon (C) isotope signature (delta 13C)
description: Bark carbon stable isotope signature
number of records: 170
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: per mille
allowable range: -50 - 0 per mille

bark_delta15N

label: Bark nitrogen (N) isotope signature (delta 15N)
description: Bark nitrogen stable isotope signature
number of records: 170
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: per mille
allowable range: -25 - 75 per mille

bark_mass_area

label: Bark mass per unit surface area of stem
description: Bark mass per unit surface area of stem
number of records: 27
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: g/cm2
allowable range: 0.01 - 1 g/cm2

bark_density

label: Bark dry mass per unit fresh bark volume
description: Bark dry mass per unit bark fresh volume (bark density)
number of records: 147
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: mg/mm3
allowable range: 0.1 - 1.1 mg/mm3

bark_C_per_dry_mass

label: Bark carbon (C) content per unit bark dry mass
description: Bark carbon (C) content per unit bark dry mass
number of records: 240
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 50 - 750 mg/g

bark_N_per_dry_mass

label: Bark nitrogen (N) content per unit bark dry mass
description: Bark nitrogen (N) content per unit bark dry mass
number of records: 434
number of studies: 5
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 mg/g

bark_P_per_dry_mass

label: Bark phosphorus (P) content per unit bark dry mass
description: Bark phosphorus (P) content per unit bark dry mass
number of records: 265
number of studies: 4
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.001 - 10 mg/g

bark_K_per_dry_mass

label: Bark potassium (K) content per unit bark dry mass
description: Bark potassium (K) content per unit bark dry mass
number of records: 104
number of studies: 3
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.01 - 100 mg/g

bark_Al_per_dry_mass

label: Bark aluminium (Al) content per unit bark dry mass
description: Bark aluminium (Al) content per unit bark dry mass
number of records: 70
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.01 - 10 mg/g

bark_B_per_dry_mass

label: Bark boron (B) content per unit bark dry mass
description: Bark boron (B) content per unit bark dry mass
number of records: 70
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.001 - 1 mg/g

bark_Ca_per_dry_mass

label: Bark calcium (Ca) content per unit bark dry mass
description: Bark calcium (Ca) content per unit bark dry mass
number of records: 104
number of studies: 3
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 mg/g

bark_Cu_per_dry_mass

label: Bark copper (Cu) content per unit bark dry mass
description: Bark copper (Cu) content per unit bark dry mass
number of records: 70
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 1e-04 - 1 mg/g

bark_Fe_per_dry_mass

label: Bark iron (Fe) content per unit bark dry mass
description: Bark iron (Fe) content per unit bark dry mass
number of records: 70
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.001 - 10 mg/g

bark_Mg_per_dry_mass

label: Bark magnesium (Mg) content per unit bark dry mass
description: Bark magnesium (Mg) content per unit bark dry mass
number of records: 104
number of studies: 3
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.01 - 10 mg/g

bark_Mn_per_dry_mass

label: Bark manganese (Mn) content per unit bark dry mass
description: Bark manganese (Mn) content per unit bark dry mass
number of records: 70
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.001 - 1 mg/g

bark_Na_per_dry_mass

label: Bark sodium (Na) content per unit bark dry mass
description: Bark sodium (Na) content per unit bark dry mass
number of records: 95
number of studies: 3
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.01 - 100 mg/g

bark_S_per_dry_mass

label: Bark sulphur (S) content per unit bark dry mass
description: Bark sulphur (S) content per unit bark dry mass
number of records: 70
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 mg/g

bark_Zn_per_dry_mass

label: Bark zinc (Zn) content per unit bark dry mass
description: Bark zinc (Zn) content per unit bark dry mass
number of records: 69
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.001 - 10 mg/g

bark_morphology

label: Bark morphology
description: Description of bark morphology
number of records: 277
number of studies: 1
type: categorical
allowable values:
eucalypt_box: Eucalypts with “Box” type bark (including Corymbia and Angophora)
eucalypt_gum: Eucalypts with “Gum” type bark (including Corymbia and Angophora)
eucalypt_stocking: Eucalypts with “Gum” type bark above a rough barked stocking (including Corymbia and Angophora)
eucalypt_ironbark: Eucalypts with “Ironbark” type bark (including Corymbia and Angophora)
eucalypt_peppermint: Eucalypts with “Peppermint” type bark (including Corymbia and Angophora)
eucalypt_stringybark: Eucalypts with “Stringy” type bark (including Corymbia and Angophora)
eucalypt_ribbonbark: Eucalypts with “Gum” type bark that sheds in ribbons (including Corymbia and Angophora)

bark_thickness

label: Bark thickness
description: Thickness of the bark of the stem
number of records: 1638
number of studies: 10
type: numeric
units: mm
allowable range: 0.01 - 50 mm

bark_ash_content_per_dry_mass

label: Bark ash content per dry mass
description: Bark ash content per dry mass, where bark ash is the component of the bark remaining after combustion.
number of records: 63
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: %
allowable range: 0.01 - 100 %

bark_cellulose_per_dry_mass

label: Bark cellulose per unit bark dry mass
description: Bark cellulose per unit bark dry mass
number of records: 70
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: mg/mg
allowable range: 0.1 - 1 mg/mg

bark_lignin_per_dry_mass

label: Bark lignin per unit bark dry mass
description: Bark lignin per unit bark dry mass
number of records: 70
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: mg/mg
allowable range: 0.01 - 1 mg/mg

bark_tannin_per_dry_mass

label: Bark tannins (polyphenols) per unit bark dry mass
description: Bark tannins (polyphenols) per unit bark dry mass
number of records: 70
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: mg/mg
allowable range: 1e-05 - 1 mg/mg

branch_mass_fraction

label: Fraction of plant dry mass comprised of branch material
description: Fraction of plant dry mass comprised of branch material
number of records: 45
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: mg/mg
allowable range: 0 - 1 mg/mg

sprout_depth

label: Depth below ground (negative number) or height above ground (positive number) from which buds emerge following a disturbance (i.e. fire)
description: Depth of resprouting shoots
number of records: 4349
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: mm
allowable range: -100 - 100 mm

calcicole_status

label: Calcicole versus calcifuge status
description: Dichotonmous variable, defining plants as calcifuge (intolerant of basic soils) versus calcicole (tolerant of basic soils, such as calcareous sands and limestone derived soils)
number of records: 280
number of studies: 1
type: categorical
allowable values:
calcicole: tolerant of basic soils, such as calcareous sands and limestone derived soils
calcifuge: intolerant of basic soils

carotenoid_per_area

label: Leaf carotenoid content per unit leaf area
description: Leaf carotenoid content per unit leaf area
number of records: 93
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: umol/m2
allowable range: 10 - 1000 umol/m2

carotenoid_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf carotenoid content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf carotenoid content per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 163
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: mmol/kg
allowable range: 0.1 - 10 mmol/kg

cell_cross-sectional_area

label: Cell cross sectional area
description: Cell cross sectional area
number of records: 38
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: um2
allowable range: 100 - 10000 um2

cell_epidermis_Ca_per_fresh_mass

label: Ca content of epidermal cells
description: Ca content of epidermal cells
number of records: 20
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: umol/g
allowable range: 1 - 500 umol/g

cell_hypodermis_Ca_per_fresh_mass

label: Ca content of hypodermis cells
description: Ca content of hypodermis cells
number of records: 9
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: umol/g
allowable range: 1 - 500 umol/g

cell_internal_parenchyma_Ca_per_fresh_mass

label: Ca content of internal parenchyma cells
description: Ca content of internal parenchyma cells
number of records: 12
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: umol/g
allowable range: 1 - 500 umol/g

cell_palisade_mesophyll_Ca_per_fresh_mass

label: Ca content of palisade mesophyll cells
description: Ca content of palisade mesophyll cells
number of records: 20
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: umol/g
allowable range: 1 - 100 umol/g

cell_sclerenchyma_Ca_per_fresh_mass

label: Ca content of sclerenchyma cells
description: Ca content of sclerenchyma cells
number of records: 17
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: umol/g
allowable range: 1 - 100 umol/g

cell_spongy_mesophyll_Ca_per_fresh_mass

label: Ca content of spongy mesophyll cells
description: Ca content of spongy mesophyll cells
number of records: 9
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: umol/g
allowable range: 1 - 1000 umol/g

cell_epidermis_P_per_fresh_mass

label: P content of epidermal cells
description: P content of epidermal cells
number of records: 20
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: umol/g
allowable range: 0 - 10 umol/g

cell_hypodermis_P_per_fresh_mass

label: P content of hypodermis cells
description: P content of hypodermis cells
number of records: 9
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: umol/g
allowable range: 0 - 10 umol/g

cell_internal_parenchyma_P_per_fresh_mass

label: P content of internal parenchyma cells
description: P content of internal parenchyma cells
number of records: 12
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: umol/g
allowable range: 0 - 10 umol/g

cell_palisade_mesophyll_P_per_fresh_mass

label: P content of palisade mesophyll cells
description: P content of palisade mesophyll cells
number of records: 20
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: umol/g
allowable range: 0 - 30 umol/g

cell_rubisco_concentration

label: N content of Rubisco
description: Concentration of Rubisco
number of records: 68
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 5 - 50 mg/g

cell_rubisco_N_per_total_N

label: Percentage of N accounted for by Rubisco
description: Percentage of N accounted for by Rubisco
number of records: 68
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: %
allowable range: 5 - 50 %

cell_sclerenchyma_P_per_fresh_mass

label: P content of sclerenchyma cells
description: P content of sclerenchyma cells
number of records: 17
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: umol/g
allowable range: 0 - 10 umol/g

cell_spongy_mesophyll_P_per_fresh_mass

label: P content of spongy mesophyll cells
description: P content of spongy mesophyll cells
number of records: 9
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: umol/g
allowable range: 0 - 30 umol/g

cell_thylakoid_N_per_total_N

label: Percentage of N accounted for by thylakoid proteins
description: Percentage of N accounted for by thylakoid proteins
number of records: 70
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: %
allowable range: 5 - 30 %

chlorophyll_per_area

label: Sum of chlorophyll A and B per leaf area
description: Sum of chlorophyll A and B per leaf area
number of records: 416
number of studies: 7
type: numeric
units: umol/m2
allowable range: 10 - 2000 umol/m2

chlorophyll_A_per_area

label: Leaf chlorophyll A content per leaf area
description: Leaf chlorophyll A content per leaf area
number of records: 93
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: umol/m2
allowable range: 50 - 2000 umol/m2

chlorophyll_B_per_area

label: Leaf chlorophyll B content per leaf area
description: Leaf chlorophyll B content per leaf area
number of records: 93
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: umol/m2
allowable range: 10 - 1000 umol/m2

chlorophyll_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf chlorophyll content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf chlorophyll content per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 778
number of studies: 4
type: numeric
units: mmol/kg
allowable range: 0.1 - 15 mmol/kg

chlorophyll_A_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf chlorophyll A content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf chlorophyll A content per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 494
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: mmol/kg
allowable range: 0.1 - 10 mmol/kg

chlorophyll_B_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf chlorophyll B content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf chlorophyll B content per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 494
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: mmol/kg
allowable range: 0.01 - 10 mmol/kg

chlorophyll_A_B_ratio

label: Ratio of leaf chlorophyll A to chlorophyll B
description: Ratio of leaf chlorophyll A to chlorophyll B
number of records: 630
number of studies: 5
type: numeric
units: umol/umol
allowable range: 0.1 - 6 umol/umol

ca

label: ambient CO2 concentration
description: Ambient CO2 concentration (external CO2 concentration)
number of records: 801
number of studies: 3
type: numeric
units: umolCO2/mol
allowable range: 50 - 1000 umolCO2/mol

cc

label: CO2 concentration inside chloroplasts
description: CO2 concentration inside chloroplasts
number of records: 90
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: umolCO2/umol
allowable range: 50 - 1000 umolCO2/umol

ci_at_ambient

label: internal CO2 concentration under ambient conditions
description: CO2 concentration in interstitial spaces under ambient conditions
number of records: 0
number of studies: 0
type: numeric
units: umolCO2/mol
allowable range: 50 - 1300 umolCO2/mol

ci_at_Amax

label: internal CO2 concentration during Amax measurement
description: CO2 concentration in interstitial spaces during Amax measurement
number of records: 1347
number of studies: 5
type: numeric
units: umolCO2/mol
allowable range: 50 - 2100 umolCO2/mol

ci_at_Asat

label: internal CO2 concentration during Asat measurement
description: CO2 concentration in interstitial spaces during Asat measurement
number of records: 3618
number of studies: 18
type: numeric
units: umolCO2/mol
allowable range: 10 - 1300 umolCO2/mol

ci_over_ca

label: Ratio of internal to external CO2 concentrations
description: Ratio of internal to external CO2 concentrations
number of records: 2913
number of studies: 14
type: numeric
units: umolCO2 internal/umolCO2 ambient
allowable range: 0 - 1.3 umolCO2 internal/umolCO2 ambient

competitive_stratum

label: Competitive stratum
description: Categorical descriptions of a taxon’s relative stature in its community, used to assess competitive heirarchies within a community (definition based on Keith 2007, Gosper 2012)
number of records: 344
number of studies: 1
type: categorical
allowable values:
ground: Graminoids, herbs and ferns reaching maximum heights of c. 0.2–1 m
mid: Shrubs reaching maximum heights of c. 1–2 m
upper: Tall shrubs reaching maximum heights of c. 3–5 m
post_fire_ephemeral: Taxa that avoid competition with other strata by rapidly completing their life cycle after fire; a sub-category of ‘ground’

cotyledon_function

label: Cotyledon function
description: Cotyledon function
number of records: 199
number of studies: 1
type: categorical
allowable values:
foliaceous: Cotyledons are photosynthetic and function as leaves.
reserve: Cotyledons function as energy reserve organs.

cotyledon_position

label: Cotyledon position at germination
description: Binary variable distinguishing between seedlings where the cotyledon remains within the seed coat versus emerges from the seed coat at germination.
number of records: 1930
number of studies: 2
type: categorical
allowable values:
cryptocotylar: A type of seed germination in which the cotyledons remain within the seed coat at germination.
phanerocotylar: A type of seed germination in which the cotyledons emerge from the seed coat.

cotyledon_type

label: Cotyledon type
description: Binary variable distinguishing between glabrous versus hairy cotyledons
number of records: 584
number of studies: 1
type: categorical
allowable values:
glabrous: Cotyledon lacks hairs
hairy: Cotyledon has hairs

seedling_germination_location

label: Seedling germination location
description: Binary variable distinguishing between seedlings that germinate above versus below ground.
number of records: 199
number of studies: 1
type: categorical
allowable values:
epigeal: Germinant with one or more cotyledons emerging aboveground.
hypogeal: Germinant with all cotyledons remaining belowground.

establishment_light_environment_index

label: Canopy light environment required for seedling establishment
description: The light environment required by seedlings for establishment, scaled from 0 to 8, where 0 indicates no direct light and extremely low transmitted light and 8 indicates full exposure of >80% of the crown area to direct light (referenced Wells 2012).
number of records: 199
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: dimensionless
allowable range: 0 - 8 dimensionless

reproductive_light_environment_index

label: Canopy light environment required for reproduction
description: The canopy light environment required for reproduction, scaled from 0 to 8, where 0 indicates no direct light and extremely low transmitted light and 8 indicates full exposure of >80% of the crown area to direct light (referenced Wells 2012).
number of records: 207
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: dimensionless
allowable range: 0 - 8 dimensionless

upper_cuticle_thickness

label: Upper cuticle thickness
description: Thickness of the upper cuticle
number of records: 268
number of studies: 5
type: numeric
units: um
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 um

lower_cuticle_thickness

label: Lower cuticle thickness
description: Thickness of the lower cuticle
number of records: 264
number of studies: 5
type: numeric
units: um
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 um

diaspore_mass

label: Mass of entire diaspore
description: Mass of seed including dispersal appendages
number of records: 314
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: mg
allowable range: 0.001 - 10000 mg

dispersal_appendage

label: Appendage of propagule which facilitates dispersal
description: Type of dispersal appendage present
number of records: 3316
number of studies: 11
type: categorical
allowable values:
aril: Fleshy outgrowth of a seed, that often attracts animals like birds or ants
awns: A slender, bristle-like projection, e.g. from the back or tip of the glumes and lemmas in some grasses and on the fruit of some other taxa.
awn_bristle: REPLACE WITH ‘awns bristles’
barbs: A rear-facing point, as in a fish hook that aid in seed and fruit dispersal. Includes “hooks”, a term used in Ranunculus
beak: Name of dispersal appendage in the genus Carex
berry: NULL
bladdery_wings: Maybe referring to the wings present on the pollen grains of some conifers to aid in their dispersal by wind
bristles: Bristle-like projections
bract: REPLACE WITH ‘bracts’
bracts: When the bracts below the inflorescence are the dispersal appendage. For the family Poaceae “bract” refers to the glumes, the modified membranous bracts surrounding the spikelet of a grass.
caruncle: A type of eliasome, term especially used in the family Euphorbiaceae; an outgrowth or appendage at or near the hilum of certain seeds that aids in dispersal. Includes “strophiole”
curved_awn: A curved, slender awn
dry_dehiscent: Dry fruit that dehisces in some manner
drupe: Fruit with membranous exocarp, fleshy mesocarp and hard endocarp
elaiosome: Fleshy (often fatty) appendage on seeds that attracts ants
enclosing_wing: Wing-line seed extentions that enclose the seed
exarillate: A seed that lacks an aril
feathery_style: When a feathery style aids in seed dispersal
fleshy_dehiscent_capsule: A fleshy fruit that splits open and releases seeds at maturity; fruit type
fleshy_fruit: A fruit where part or all of the pericarp (fruit wall) is fleshy at maturity; fruit type
fleshy_wings_capsule: A fruit whose capsule or wings are fleshy
floating_seed: Seed that is dispersed by floating on water
floral_parts: When a plant’s floral parts, the petals and/or sepals, are persistent and aid in seed and fruit dispersal
funicle: The stalk that joins the seed to the pod frame; aids in dispersal when persistent
glumes: The modified membranous bracts surrounding the spikelet of a grass; also see ‘bract’
hairs: Modified hairs aid in seed dispersal
indehiscent: Fruit that does not open at maturity in a pre-defined way, but instead relies on predation or decomposition to release the seeds;fruit type
inflated_parts: When some part of the seed, fruit, or associated tissues is inflated, aiding in seed or fruit dispersal
none: When a fruit and associated tissues lack any dispersal appendages; see also exarillate
paddles: unknown meaning; currently used only for “Brachyscome dentata”
pappus: The pappus is the modified calyx, the part of an individual floret, that surrounds the base of the corolla tube in flower heads of the plant family Asteraceae
pappus_deciduous: Pappus that is deciduous
placental_endocarp: Exact dispersal mechanism unclear; currently used only for “Crowea saligna” (maybe others now)
plumose: Fruit or seed that has plumes to help with dispersal
pseudo-wing: UNKNOWN
receptacle: UNKNOWN
samara: A winged achene, a type of fruit in which a flattened wing of fibrous, papery tissue develops from the ovary wall
sarcotesta: Fleshy seed coat; term especially used for cycads; dispersal appendage?
scales: When scales assist in seed or fruit dispersal
seed_airsac: Seed containing a sac of air
seed_unilaterally_winged: A seed wing that arises from one side; dispersal appendage
seed_wing_obsolete: Seed wing absent
short_hairs: Modified short hairs aid in seed dispersal
spines: Spines that aid in seed and fruit dispersal
strophiole: Outgrowth of the hilum region which restricts water movement into and out of some seeds, especially legumes
strophiole_on_seed: REPLACE WITH ‘strophiole’
style: Cases where a taxon’s style, stigma or carpel are persistent and aid in seed or fruit dispersal
winged_fruit: A fruit where some tissue layers have become flattened and papery to function as wings; includes reference to a winged nut and winged achene (samara); fruit type
wings: Referring to wing-like seed extensions that aid in wind dispersal
wings_small: Referring to small wing-like seed extensions that aid in wind dispersal
woody_bract_scales: UNSURE; assume it refers to conifers, where woody bracts protect the seeds

dispersal_syndrome

label: Dispersal syndrome
description: Type of dispersal syndrome displayed by taxon, although the list includes many dispersal appendages and fruit types. Many definitions come from Kew Botanic Gardens website.
number of records: 13562
number of studies: 28
type: categorical
allowable values:
adhesion: Dispersal syndrome where fruit is transported by attaching itself to something, usually an animal; true dispersal syndrome; will overlap with exozoochory; also called epizoochory
anemochory: Dispersal by wind; true dispersal syndrome
animal_vector: Seeds are dispersed by an animal; true dispersal syndrome; should be replaced with zoochory
aril: Fleshy outgrowth of a seed, that often attracts animals like birds or ants; dispersal appendage
atelochory: Dispersal is prevented; also called antitelochory
ballistic: Seeds are launched away from the plant by explosion as soon as the seed capsule opens; true dispersal syndrome
barochory: Seeds are dispersed without assistance; true dispersal syndrome
barochory_small_seeds: Small seeds (<0.1 mg) that are dispersed without assistance; true dispersal syndrome
bird: Seed dispersed by birds
chamaechory: diaspore is rolled along ground surface by wind
dispersal_rare: Plant rarely produces propagules; mostly reproduces through vegetative spread
dyszoochory: diaspore is eaten intentionally by an animal
elaiosome: Fleshy (often fatty) appendage on seeds that attracts ants; dispersal appendage
endozoochory: Diaspores that dispersed through ingestion by animals, either intentionally or unintentionally and are transported before dropping off; includes the term ingestion; true dispersal syndrome
endozoochory_mammal: Diaspores that dispersed through ingestion by mammals, either intentionally or unintentionally and are transported before dropping off; includes the term ingestion; true dispersal syndrome
endozoochory_bird: Diaspores that dispersed through ingestion by birds, either intentionally or unintentionally and are transported before dropping off; includes the term ingestion; true dispersal syndrome
exozoochory: When seeds are dispersed on the surface of an animal; will overlap significantly with the terms adhesion and animal_vector
exozoochory_mammal: When seeds are dispersed on the surface of a mammal
exozoochory_bird: When seeds are dispersed on the surface of a bird
fleshy_fruit: A fruit where part or all of the pericarp (fruit wall) is fleshy at maturity; fruit type
fleshy_wings_capsule: A fruit whose capsule or wings are fleshy
gravity: seed/fruit drops from plant
hydrochory: Dispersal on the surface of water; see also the term water; true dispersal syndrome
insect: Dispersal by ant or termite
invertebrate: Dispersal by invertebrate other than insects
invertebrate_insect: Dispersal by invertebrates including insects
mammal: Dispersed by mammals by unspecified mechanisms
mobile: use ‘unassisted’
mud_on_cars: NULL
myrmecochory: Dispersules with elaiosomes (specialised nutritious appendages) that make them attractive for capture, transport and use by ants or related insects; true dispersal syndrome
nautohydrochory: water; e.g. floating/submerged in fresh/saltwater currents
ombrohydrochory: water; diaspore is propelled by action of rain on plant structure/wetting by rain or dew
parent_plant_or_diaspore: methods originating from parent plant or diaspore
synzoochory: animal; diaspore is carried intentionally
unassisted: Mobile; Seeds are dispersed without assistance; true dispersal syndrome; same as barochory or passive; seeds drop to the ground close to or beneath the parent plant
undefined: UNKNOWN
vertebrate: Seeds are dispersed by a vertebrate; true dispersal syndrome
water: Seeds dispersal depends in some way on water; should use hydrochory instead
wind: Seeds are dispersed by wind; true dispersal syndrome; should use anemochory instead
xerochasywater: wetting by rain or dew; also called hygrochasy

dispersers

label: Fruit dispersal agents
description: Fruit dispersal agents
number of records: 1120
number of studies: 3
type: categorical
allowable values:
aborigines: aboriginal people
ants: ants
bats: bats
birds: birds
cassowary: species explicitly dispersed by cassowaries (vs. all other birds)
flying: flying birds and bats
flying_foxes: flying foxes
invertebrate: invertebrate
mammals: mammals
non-flying: mammals and non-flying birds (i.e. cassowary)
passive: no dispersal agent
rodents: rodents
vertebrate: vertebrate
wind: wind
water: water

dormancy_type

label: Dormancy type
description: Classification for seed dormancy
number of records: 5
number of studies: 1
type: categorical
allowable values:
morphophysiological_dormancy: Seeds exhibit morphophysiological dormancy
non_dormant: Seeds are non-dormant
physical_dormancy: Seeds exhibit physical dormancy
physiological_dormancy: Seeds exhibit physiological dormancy

embryo_colour

label: Embryo colour
description: Binary variable distinguishing between embryos that are green versus colourless
number of records: 296
number of studies: 1
type: categorical
allowable values:
colourless: Colourless embryo
green: Green embryo

epidermal_cell_density_abaxial

label: Epidermal cell density on the lower leaf surface
description: Epidermal cell density on the lower leaf surface
number of records: 90
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: count/mm2
allowable range: 100 - 10000 count/mm2

epidermal_cell_density_adaxial

label: Epidermal cell density on the upper leaf surface
description: Epidermal cell density on the upper leaf surface
number of records: 90
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: count/mm2
allowable range: 100 - 10000 count/mm2

epidermal_cell_density_both_sides

label: Epidermal cell density averaged across the upper and lower leaf surfaces
description: Epidermal cell density averaged across the upper and lower leaf surfaces
number of records: 58
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: count/mm2
allowable range: 100 - 10000 count/mm2

epidermis_thickness

label: Thickness of the epidermis, leaf surface not specified
description: Thickness of the epidermis, leaf surface not specified
number of records: 111
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: um
allowable range: 1 - 100 um

epidermis_thickness_upper_leaf_surface

label: Thickness of the epidermis on the upper leaf surface
description: Thickness of the epidermis on the upper leaf surface
number of records: 239
number of studies: 4
type: numeric
units: um
allowable range: 1 - 100 um

epidermis_thickness_lower_leaf_surface

label: Thickness of the epidermis on the lower leaf surface
description: Thickness of the epidermis on the lower leaf surface
number of records: 241
number of studies: 4
type: numeric
units: um
allowable range: 1 - 100 um

fire_response

label: Resprouts or is killed by fire
description: Distinguishes between plants that are killed by fire and resprout following fire
number of records: 18344
number of studies: 25
type: categorical
allowable values:
fire_killed: Plants killed by hot fires
resprouts: Plants resprout from underground storage organ following fire. (For studies that don’t differentiate between respouting strength)
not_fire_killed_does_not_resprout: Plants that are rarely killed by a moderate-intensity fire, but do not resprout
fire_not_relevant: Plant never affected by fire (for aquatic taxon)
unknown: Fire status assessed, but unknown

fire_response_detailed

label: Resprouts or is killed by fire
description: Detailed information distinguishing between plants that are killed by fire and resprout following fire
number of records: 3134
number of studies: 2
type: categorical
allowable values:
fire_killed: Plants killed by hot fires
weak_resprouting: Plant shows weak resprouting following fire
intermediate_resprouting: Plant shows intermediate resprouting following fire
strong_resprouting: Plant shows strong resprouting following fire

fire_response_juvenile

label: Juvenile plants resprout or killed by file
description: Variable summarising how juvenile plants respond to fire
number of records: 1306
number of studies: 1
type: categorical
allowable values:
juvenile_fire_killed: Juvenile plants killed by fires
juvenile_resprout: Juvenile plants survive and resprout following fire
juvenile_most_fire_killed: Fewer than 25% of juvenile plants resprout following fire
juvenile_moderate_fire_killed: 25-50% of juvenile plants resprout following fire
juvenile_low_fire_killed: More than 50% of juvenile plants resprout following fire

fire_response_on_maturity

label: Plants’ maturity status after fire
description: Variable summarising how plants’ maturity status changes following fire
number of records: 1306
number of studies: 1
type: categorical
allowable values:
remain_mature: Mature plants remain mature following fire
mature_to_juvenile: Mature plants become juvenile following fire
mature_do_not_resprout: Mature plants do not resprout following fire

fire_cued_seeding

label: Fire-cued seeding
description: Distinguishes between plants that do and do not have fire-cued seeding
number of records: 3868
number of studies: 4
type: categorical
allowable values:
fire_cued_seeding: Plants that germinate robustly following fire; or number of seedlings not specified
fire_cued_seeding_minimal: A small number of seedlings present post-fire
fire_cued_seeding_moderate: A moderate number of seedlings present post-fire
fire_cued_seeding_high: A high number of seedlings present post-fire
fire_cued_seeding_complete_germination: The entire seedbank germinates following fire; no seedbank remains
fire_cued_seeding_incomplete_germination: Only part of the seedbank germinates following fire
no_fire_cued_seeding: Plants that do not show increased seeding following fire

fire_and_establishing

label: Post-fire establishment
description: Variable capturing post-fire time frame during which species establishes. Includes trait values for a broad range of responses, from species that establish immediately following fire to those that only establish in mature forest stands.
number of records: 1612
number of studies: 1
type: categorical
allowable values:
establish_just_after_fire_only: Plants establish immediately after a fire (within the first 2 seasons, and usually within the first season), but cannot continue recruitment as the vegetation ages further, unable to establish in mature vegetation
establish_intermediate_age: Plants can only establish at an intermediate stage, ie. cannot establish straight after fire nor in mature to over-mature vegetation.
establish_just_after_fire_and_mature_vegetation: Plants able to establish immediately after fire and also in mature to over-mature vegetation, cannot establish in intermediate aged vegetation
establish_just_after_fire_and_intermediate_age: Plants able to establish immediately after fire and also in intermediate aged vegetation.
establish_intermediate_to_over_mature_vegetation: Plants unable to establish immediately after fire (within the first season or two), but can establish in older vegetation (including mature to over-mature vegetation), requires some environmental charateristics not found in vegetation straight after fires
establish_anytime: Plants can establish immediately after fire and in later years as vegetation ages, right thru to mature and over-mature vegetation (assuming suitable seasonal conditions)

fire_flame_duration

label: Flame duration for a single leaf.
description: Flame duration for a single leaf. Time from the first visible flame until no more flames could be seen (seconds)
number of records: 972
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: seconds
allowable range: 0.1 - 200 seconds

fire_fuel_bed_bulk_density

label: Fuel bed bulk density.
description: Fuel bed bulk density. This is the mass of the fuel bed, divided by the guel bed volumne.
number of records: 145
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: g/cm3
allowable range: 0.001 - 1 g/cm3

fire_fuel_comsumption

label: Proportion of fuel that was consumed by fire
description: Proportion of fuel that was consumed by fire.
number of records: 98
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: %
allowable range: 1 - 100 %

fire_rate_of_spread

label: Rate of spread.
description: Rate of spread. How fast the fire moves across the landscape.
number of records: 145
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: cm/s
allowable range: 0.01 - 1 cm/s

fire_smoulder_duration

label: Smoulder duration for a single leaf.
description: Smoulder duration for a single leaf. Time from the end of the last visible flame until the glowing phase died out (seconds)
number of records: 974
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: seconds
allowable range: 0.1 - 1000 seconds

fire_total_burn_duration

label: Sum of flame duration and smoulder duration for a single leaf.
description: Sum of flame duration and smoulder duration for a single leaf.
number of records: 974
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: seconds
allowable range: 0.1 - 1500 seconds

fire_time_to_ignition

label: Time to ignition
description: Time to ignition for a single leaf. Time from ignition source contacting leaf (or other material) until ignition occurs.
number of records: 969
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: seconds
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 seconds

flower_colour

label: Flower colour
description: Flower colour, with six possible outcomes
number of records: 8667
number of studies: 1
type: categorical
allowable values:
blue_purple: blue or purple
green: green flower
pink: pink flower
red_brown: red or brown flower
white_cream: white or cream flower
yellow_orange: yellow orange flower

flower_count_maximum

label: Maximum flower number
description: Maximum flower number produced
number of records: 7
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: count
allowable range: 0 - 1000000 count

flower_N_per_dry_mass

label: Flower nitrogen (N) content per unit flower dry mass
description: Flower nitrogen (N) content per unit flower dry masshermaphrodite
number of records: 8
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.5 - 100 mg/g

flowering_time

label: Range of flowering period
description: Months during which taxon is flowering; keyed as a sequences of 12 0s (not flowering) and 1s (flowering) starting with January
number of records: 29809
number of studies: 30
type: categorical
allowable values:
**:

flower_structural_sex_type

label: Floral structural sex
description: Structural flower sex type. Trait that captures floral sex, distinguishing among three states, bisexual, incompletely unisexual, and unisexual, as defined by Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘100. Floral structural sex (D1)’. (See “sex_type” for plant sex type)
number of records: 287
number of studies: 1
type: categorical
allowable values:
bisexual: Hermaphrodite; flowers with both male and female reproductive organs
incompletely_unisexual: Male flowers with pistillode and/or female flowers with staminodes
unisexual: Flowers with either male or female reproductive organs

flower_ovary_position

label: Ovary position
description: The ovary is the part of the gynoecium where the ovules are produced. The ovary may be located on the receptacle and thus be positioned above the insertion level of the remaining floral organs (i.e., the ovary is superior and the flower is hypogynous). Alternatively, the ovary may be embedded in the receptacle and therefore be located below the insertion level of the remaining floral organs (i.e., the ovary is inferior and the flower is epigynous). Flowers with a hypanthium may either have a superior ovary (perigyny; e.g., many Rosaceae) or an inferior ovary (epiperigyny). It is also possible that the ovary is inferior to a certain degree only, such as half-inferior, if the receptacle is surrounding the ovary to its mid-level. (Definition and trait values derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘102. Ovary position (D1)’)
number of records: 245
number of studies: 1
type: categorical
allowable values:
inferior: Flower with inferior ovary, where the ovary is embedded in the receptacle and therefore located below the insertion level of the remaining floral organs
superior: Flower with superior ovary, where the ovary is positioned above the insertion level of the remaining floral organs
half_inferior: Flower where the receptacle is surrounded by the ovary to its mid-level
one_quarter_inferior: Flower where the receptacle surrounds up to one quarter of the ovary
three_quarters_inferior: Flower where the receptacle surrounds more than three quarters of the ovary

flower_perianth_parts_count

label: Number of perianth parts
description: The total number of perianth parts, including sepals, petals, or any form of tepal. A value of zero was scored when the perianth is absent. In flowers with perianth whorls fused along their complete length (e.g., Convolvulus), perianth parts are counted based on merism (e.g., if a calyx has 5 distinct sepals and the corolla is entirely fused, then the corolla is often interpreted to consist of five fused petals), anatomy (e.g., number of vascular traces), development (e.g., number of primordia), or comparison with closely related taxa. (Definition derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘201. Number of perianth parts (C1)’)
number of records: 306
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: count
allowable range: 0 - 1000 count

flower_perianth_fusion

label: Fusion of perianth
description: Fusion of perianth organs (congenital or postgenital) at anthesis, recorded on a continuous scale, from 0 (free parts) to 1 (parts fused along their entire length). Partial fusion was recorded using an approximate number between these two extremes (e.g., 0.1 corresponds to basal fusion, 0.5 to fusion along half of the length of perianth parts). In case of multiple whorls, this trait records within-whorl fusion. For example, if organs within each whorl are fused along their entire length, a trait value of 1 is recorded. In cases where organs of two whorls are fused into a common tubular structure, such as frequently observed in monocots (e.g., Polygonatum), the perianth is considered to be fused. If the two (or more) whorls differed in their extent of fusion, a range of trait values may be recorded. For example, if the calyx is only basally fused, up to 10% of its length, but the corolla is entirely fused, a range of 0.1 to 1 is recorded as the trait value for the species. (Definition derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘204. Fusion of perianth (C1)’)
number of records: 302
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: n/n
allowable range: 0 - 1 n/n

flower_perianth_symmetry

label: Symmetry of perianth
description: Trait capturing the symmetry of the perianth. This trait is applied to the perianth as a whole. In case of flowers with two or more perianth whorls, species are considered actinomorphic if all whorls are actinomorphic and as zygomorphic if one or more whorls are zygomorphic. Trait is not applicable when the perianth is missing. (Definition and trait values derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘207. Symmetry of perianth (D1)’)
number of records: 250
number of studies: 1
type: categorical
allowable values:
actinomorphic_general: Perianth displaying radial symmetry
actinomorphic_rotational: Perianth that can be equally divided into three or more identical sections that, when rotated around the center of the flower by some number of degrees, exactly match each other in orientation and shape.
actinomorphic_strictly_polysymmetric: Polysymmetry, with three or more planes of bilateral symmetry
actinomorphic_spiral: Perianth lacking a distinct plane of symmetry because their perianth parts are spirally arranged.
asymmetric: Perianth lacking any planes of symmetry
disymmetric: Perianth with two orthogonal planes of bilateral symmetry
zygomorphic: Monosymmetric, with a single plane of bilateral symmetry

flower_perianth_phyllotaxis

label: Perianth phyllotaxis
description: Perianth phyllotaxis at anthesis. Perianth parts may be organised in one or more whorls or along a continuous spiral, usually with wide divergence angles more or less equal to 137.5 degrees. Less frequently, perianth phyllotaxis may be irregular. Perianth phyllotaxis at anthesis may differ from phyllotaxis of perianth part primordia at their inception and it is not uncommon that spirally initiated perianths become whorled later through development. (Definition and trait values derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘230. Perianth phyllotaxy (D1)’, with more information of differentiating between trait values in this manuscript.)
number of records: 232
number of studies: 1
type: categorical
allowable values:
irregular: Perianth parts lacking any symmetrical organisation.
spiral: Perianth parts organised along a continuous spiral, usually with wide divergence angles more or less equal to 137.5 degrees, the Fibonacci ‘golden angle’
whorled: Perianth parts organised in one or more whorls

flower_perianth_whorls_count

label: Number of perianth whorls
description: The number of perianth whorls as a continuous trait (with integer values of 1 and above). Not applicable when perianth phyllotaxis is spiral or irregular or when the perianth is absent. (Definition derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘231. Number of perianth whorls (C1)’)
number of records: 230
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: count
allowable range: 0 - 15 count

flower_perianth_merism

label: Number of perianth parts in each whorl (Perianth merism)
description: The number of perianth parts in each whorl, recorded as a continuous trait (with integer values of 1 and above). Not applicable when perianth phyllotaxis is spiral or irregular or when the perianth is absent. (Definition derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘232. Perianth merism (C1)’)
number of records: 268
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: count
allowable range: 0 - 50 count

flower_perianth_differentiation

label: Perianth differentiation
description: The ways in which perianth organs may look different from each other in a given flower. Typically, outer perianth parts are sepaloid and protect the other floral organs during floral development, while inner organs are often petaloid and play a role in pollinator attraction (Endress, 1994). However, it is also possible that all parts are either sepaloid or petaloid but remain differentiated in shape, size, and/or texture. In case of spiral perianths, differentiation may be continuous (i.e., gradual), whereby two successively initiated organs are very similar or only slightly different, while the outermost and innermost organs at both ends of the spiral are very different from each other (e.g., Chimonanthus). In the special case of perianths consisting of a single whorl, they are scored as undifferentiated. This perianth differentiation trait may be seen as both functional (the parting vs. sharing of functions among perianth parts) and developmental (the expression of a genetic program for different forms of perianth parts vs. a single program for a single type of perianth part morphology). Within-whorl differentiation, whereby organs of the same whorl take different forms, is common in zygomorphic flowers (e.g., Balsaminaceae, Fabaceae, Orchidaceae) but is not taken into account with this trait. This trait is not applicable when the perianth is absent. (Definition and trait values derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘234. Perianth differentiation (D1)’)
number of records: 235
number of studies: 1
type: categorical
allowable values:
undifferentiated: All tepals alike; includes a single undifferentiated whorl
marked_differentiation_outer_sepaloid_inner_petaloid: A typical flower with calyx and corolla
marked_differentiation_among_petaloid_tepals: NULL
marked_differentiation_among_sepaloid_tepals: NULL
marked_differentiation: NULL
continuous_differentiation_outer_sepaloid_inner_petaloid: NULL
continuous_differentiation_among_petaloid_tepals: NULL
continuous_differentiation_among_sepaloid_tepals: NULL
weak_differentiation: NULL
very_weak_differentiation: NULL

flower_fertile_stamens_count

label: Number of fertile stamens
description: Count of fertile stamens in bisexual or male flowers; does not score female flowers. (Definition derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘301. Number of fertile stamens (C1)’)
number of records: 322
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: count
allowable range: 0 - 10000 count

flower_filament

label: Filament presence and shape
description: Trait that considers the absence or presence of the filament, and in the latter case, the shape of the filament. Shape is considered in terms of length and width and is defined in relation to anther length/width. The width of the filament may thus either be broad as in laminar (e.g., Eupomatiaceae) or bulky stamens (e.g., Chloranthaceae), or narrow (filamentous) as found in many core eudicots groups (e.g., Rosaceae). This trait is considered inapplicable when filaments are entirely fused with each other or to the perianth. (Definition and trait values derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘305. Filament (D1)’)
number of records: 204
number of studies: 1
type: categorical
allowable values:
absent: No filaments present
present_general: Filaments present, with no specific defining characteristics
long_and_narrow: Long and narrow shape; also called filiform, slender
short_and_narrow: Short and narrow shape; subsessile anthers
long_and_wide: Long and wide laminar shape
short_and_wide: Short and wide laminar shape
long_and_very_wide: Long and very wide shape; for instance, the petal-like (outer) stamens of Nymphaea
petaloid: Long and wide and colorful, e.g. Canna
fused_into_synandrium: Structure formed when stamens fused together
fused_into_fascicle_stalks: Special case where the stamens are fused into the stalk of a fascicle of flowers
long_and_narrow_divided_in_two: Long and narrow shape that is divided in two; e.g. Adoxa
short_general: Filament is short relative to the anther

flower_filament_fusion

label: Fusion of filaments
description: Fusion of stamen (and staminode) filaments among each other at anthesis (congenitally or postgenitally) is recorded on a continuous scale, from 0 (free filaments) to 1 (filaments fused along their entire length). Partial fusion is recorded using an approximate number between these two extremes (e.g., 0.1 corresponds to basal fusion, 0.5 to fusion along half of the length of filaments). (Definition derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘306. Fusion of filaments (C1)’)
number of records: 193
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: n/n
allowable range: 0 - 1 n/n

flower_filament_fusion_to_inner_perianth

label: Fusion of filaments to inner perianth series
description: The fusion of filaments with the innermost perianth organs at anthesis on a continuous scale, from 0 (filaments completely free from perianth) to 1 (filaments fused along their entire length with the perianth; the “entire length” of the filament is defined as the distance between the floral base and the joint between filament and anther). Partial fusion is recorded using an approximate number between these two extremes (e.g., 0.1 corresponds to basal fusion, 0.5 to fusion along half of the length of perianth parts). If two (or more) stamen whorls (including staminodial whorls) differ in their extent of filament fusion with the perianth, this trait is recorded as a range of values. For example, if the filaments of an outermost stamen whorl are fused, up to 90% of their length, but an inner whorl only up to 50%, the trait is assigned a range of 0.5 to 0.9. The rationale for this is to provide a general trait that allows comparison of fusion among all angiosperms. (Definition derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘308. Fusion of filaments to inner perianth series (C1)’)
number of records: 161
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: n/n
allowable range: 0 - 1 n/n

flower_anther_orientation

label: Anther orientation
description: Orientation of anther at anthesis. Anthers of angiosperms are rather uniform in their basic structure. They normally have four microsporangia (pollen sacs) that are arranged pair-wise in two thecae. The two microsporangia of a theca usually release their pollen grains through a common opening (stomium). Often, it is difficult to establish anther orientation clearly in a flower as this is a gradual feature with many intermediate stages. (Definition and trait values derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘311. Anther orientation (D1)’)
number of records: 162
number of studies: 1
type: categorical
allowable values:
apical: When thecae are positioned in a transverse position at the tip of the connective and thus dehisce upward in the flower (e.g., Sinofranchetia, Endress and Hufford, 1989).
extrorse: When the stomia of the thecae face the floral periphery
introrse: When the stomia of the thecae face the floral centre
latrorse: When pollen is released toward the side (i.e., toward neighbouring anthers)

flower_anther_attachment

label: Anther attachment
description: Anther attachment refers to the area of insertion of the filament on the anther connective (i.e. the tissue connecting the two thecae of an anther). (Definition and trait values derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘312. Anther attachment (D1)’)
number of records: 152
number of studies: 1
type: categorical
allowable values:
basifixed: Filament attached to the base of the connective. Laminar stamens are classified as basifixed
dorsifixed: Filament attached to the dorsal side of the anther
dorsifixed_at_base: Filament attached to the dorsal side of the anther, at the base**
ventrifixed: Filament attached to the ventral side of the anther

flower_anther_dehiscence

label: Anther dehiscence
description: Anther dehiscence refers to the type of opening of the anther when releasing its pollen through the stomia. (Definition and trait values derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘313. Anther dehiscence (D1)’)
number of records: 20
number of studies: 1
type: categorical
allowable values:
longitudinal slit: Anther with longitudinal slits that extend along the entire length of each theca
poricidal: Anther where dehiscence of longitudinal slits is incomplete, with pollen exiting via a small pore
H_valvate: Anther with two valves on longitudinal hinges, opening horizontally as sallon doors; when the stomium bifurcates at its distal and/or proximal end and thus a valve is formed
flap_valvate: Anther with one or more flap-like valves on horizontal hinges, opening vertically
transverse_slit: Anther with horizontal slit
short_basal_slits: Anther where dehiscence of longitudinal slits is incomplete and only occurs over a short extent at the base of the theca
short_central_slits: Anther where dehiscence of longitudinal slits is incomplete and only occurs over a short extent at the center of the theca
short_apical_slits: Anther where dehiscence of longitudinal slits is incomplete and only occurs over a short extent at the apical end of the theca
T_valvate: Anther with T-shaped stomium; reduced transverse slit at base
common_stomium_confluent_thecae: (uncertain)

flower_anther_connective_extension

label: Connective extension (apical)
description: Apical (distal) connective extensions (also called “distal connective protrusions”) are sterile anther structures that distally extend beyond the level of the thecae (i.e., the two lateral pairs of pollen sacs of a tetrasporangiate anther). This trait records both absence or presence of anther connective extensions and also the shape of these extensions in terms of length in relation to the length of the thecae. (Definition and trait values derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘314. Connective extension (apical) (D1)’)
number of records: 81
number of studies: 1
type: categorical
allowable values:
absent: Apical connective extensions are lacking
short_extension: Connective extension less than a third of the length of anther
long_extension: Connective extension more than a third but less than length of anther; e.g. Idiospermum australiense
very_long_extension: Connective extension more than length of anther; e.g. Galbulimima belgraveana
present_general: Apical connective extensions are present, but no information on their length relative to the anthers

flower_androecium_structural_phyllotaxis

label: Androecium structural phyllotaxis
description: Structural phyllotaxy of the androecium, considering both fertile stamens and staminodes. In cases of stamen fascicles, it is the phyllotaxis of fascicles, not individual stamens that are recorded. This character is not applicable when there is a single structural stamen (i.e., one stamen, no staminodes; e.g., Chloranthus, Chloranthaceae). (Definition and trait values derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘330. Androecium structural phyllotaxy (D1)’)
number of records: 167
number of studies: 1
type: categorical
allowable values:
whorled: Stamens and staminodes arranged in whorls
spiral: Stamens and staminodes have a spiral arrangement
irregular: Stamens and staminodes have an irregular arrangement

flower_androecium_structural_whorls_count

label: Number of androecium structural whorls
description: The number of whorls, considering both fertile stamens and staminodes. In cases of stamen fascicles, the count of whorls of fascicles is recorded. This character is not applicable for spiral or irregular stamen arrangements, or when there is a single structural stamen (i.e., one stamen, no staminodes; e.g., Chloranthus, Chloranthaceae). (Definition derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘331. Number of androecium structural whorls (C1)’)
number of records: 160
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: count
allowable range: 0 - 100 count

flower_androecium_structural_merism

label: Number of androecium parts in each whorl (Androecium structural merism)
description: The number of stamens or stamen bundles (fascicles) in one whorl, considering both fertile stamens and staminodes. This character is not applicable for spiral or irregular stamen arrangements, nor when there is a single structural stamen (i.e., one stamen, no staminodes; e.g., Chloranthus, Chloranthaceae). (Definition derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘332. Androecium structural merism (C1)’)
number of records: 174
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: count
allowable range: 0 - 100 count

flower_gynoecium_phyllotaxis

label: Gynoecium phyllotaxis
description: Structural phyllotaxy of the gynoecium. This trait is not applicable to unicarpellate flowers. (Definition and trait values derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘400. Gynoecium phyllotaxy (D1)’)
number of records: 114
number of studies: 1
type: categorical
allowable values:
one_whorl: Flowers with a single whorl of carpels
two_or_more_whorls: Flowers with two or more whorls of carpels
spiral: Flowers with carpels in a spiral arrangement

flower_structural_carpels_count

label: CNumber of structural carpels
description: Number of fertile or sterile carpels in bisexual or female flowers, recorded as a continuous character (with integer values of 1 and above). Includes the number of co-occurring carpellodes (sterile carpels) because this number is often more easily obtained from the literature than the actual number of fertile carpels. However, the number of carpellodes in male flowers is ignored for this character. In multicarpellate, unilocular gynoecia with complete carpel fusion up to the stigma (e.g., Primula), it may be difficult to assess the number of carpels unequivocally. In such cases, the number of carpels is scored only if it is well established based on anatomical or developmental investigations. Similarly, in gynoecia where one or more carpels are reduced (e.g., in the pseudomonomerous gynoecia of some Arecaceae, Stauffer et al., 2002), the total number of structural carpels is only scored when unequivocally determined in the literature. (Definition derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘401. Number of structural carpels (C1)’)
number of records: 276
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: count
allowable range: 0 - 10000 count

flower_ovary_fusion

label: Fusion of ovaries
description: Degree of ovary fusion expressed as a fraction of the total length of the ovary (from the floral base to the apex of the ovary). Fusion of styles and stigmas is not taken into account for this trait. Not applicable when there is a single carpel. (Definition derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘403. Fusion of ovaries (C1)’)
number of records: 152
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: n/n
allowable range: 0 - 1 n/n

flower_style_differentiation

label: Style differentiation
description: Presence or absence of a style, and, when present, the shape of the style in terms of length and width in relation to ovary length and width. This trait does not distinguish between fused or free styles. (Definition and trait values derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘404. Style differentiation (D1)’)
number of records: 225
number of studies: 1
type: categorical
allowable values:
absent: Stigma sessile
present_length_and_shape_unknown: Style present, but shape unknown
present_short_and_thick: Style present, and short and thick
present_short_and_narrow: Style present, and short and narrow, including short filiform styles
present_long_and_wide: Style present, and long and wide
present_long_and_narrow: Style present, and long and narrow, including long filiform styles
present_petaloid: Style present and petaloid
continuous: When the style is an apical extension of carpel with decurrent stigma

flower_style_fusion

label: Fusion of styles
description: The degree of fusion of styles at anthesis, recorded on a continuous scale, from 0 (free styles) to 1 (styles fused along their entire length, but excluding the stigmatic region). Partial fusion is recorded using an approximate number between these two extremes (e.g., 0.1 corresponds to basal fusion, 0.5 to fusion along half of the total length of the styles). This character is not applicable in unicarpellate flowers. (Definition derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘406. Fusion of styles (C1)’)
number of records: 117
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: n/n
allowable range: 0 - 1 n/n

flower_ovules_per_functional_carpel_count

label: Number of ovules per functional carpel
description: Number of ovules per carpel recorded as a continuous character (with integer values of 1 and above). Reduced (sterile) carpels are not taken into account here. (Definition derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘411. Number of ovules per functional carpel (C1)’)
number of records: 235
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: count
allowable range: 0 - 100000 count

flower_gynoecium_placentation

label: Placentation
description: The different types of placentation in apocarpous/unicarpellate and in syncarpous gynoecia. In apocarpous and unicarpellate gynoecia, placentation is often described as marginal as the ovules are usually attached along the ventral slit (i.e., the zone where the carpel margins become postgenitally closed during carpel development). In syncarpous gynoecia there are three main types of placentation, 1) axile placentation refers to ovaries where the ovules are placed in the angle between carpel flanks in the center of the ovary; 2) in ovaries with parietal placentation the ovules attach to the ovary wall where two carpels meet; 3) in ovaries with free-central placentation the ovules are attached to a central column that emerges from the base of the ovary and protrudes into the non-septate ovary. It is not unusual that syncarpous gynoecia show a transition from proximally axile to a distally parietal placentation (e.g., Polemoniaceae). Basal and apical placentation may occur both in apocarpous/unicarpellate and in syncarpous gynoecia. Usually there is one longitudinal series of ovules attached to each carpel margin. However, both in apocarpous/unicarpellate and in syncarpous gynoecia there may be more than one series of ovules at the flanks of a carpel. These latter cases are referred to as laminar (or laminar-diffuse) placentation (e.g., in some Nymphaeaceae). A placenta that is protruding from its surroundings and has more than two series of ovules (either axile or parietal) is called protruding-diffuse. (Definition and trait values derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘412. Placentation (D1)’)
number of records: 189
number of studies: 1
type: categorical
allowable values:
axile: Ovules are placed in the angle between carpel flanks in the center of the ovary; in syncarpous gynoecia
apical: Ovules attach at the top of the ovary; pendulous; in syncarpous gynoecia and apocarpous and unicarpellate gynoecia
basal: Ovules attach at the base of the ovary; in syncarpous gynoecia and apocarpous and unicarpellate gynoecia
parietal: Ovules attach to the ovary wall where two carpels meet; in syncarpous gynoecia
marginal: Ovules attach along the ventral slit; in apocarpous and unicarpellate gynoecia
free_central: Ovules are attached to a central column that emerges from the base of the ovary and protrudes into the non-septate ovary; in syncarpous gynoecia
laminar: When there is more than one series of ovules at the flanks of a carpel; in syncarpous gynoecia and apocarpous and unicarpellate gynoecia

flower_pollen_apertures_count

label: Number of pollen grain apertures
description: A pollen aperture is a structurally delimited region of the pollen grain wall through which the pollen tube emerges during pollen germination and which plays a role in harmomegathy. Here we report the number of apertures per pollen grain as a continuous character. A value of zero is scored when pollen is inaperturate (i.e. when there is no distinct aperture). Aperturate pollen is scored with integer values of 1 and above. (Definition derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘5000. Number of apertures (C1)’)
number of records: 204
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: count
allowable range: 0 - 100 count

flower_pollen_aperture_shape

label: Pollen grain aperture shape
description: Pollen grains are often described according to the shape, structure, and position of their apertures. This trait describes the main shape of the many described aperture types. Aperture terminology is partly determined by the position of the aperture on the pollen grain (either at the pole or at the equator) and pollen grain polarity, in turn, is determined by the spatial orientation of the microspore in the meiotic tetrad. (Definition and trait values derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘5002. Aperture shape (D1)’)
number of records: 181
number of studies: 1
type: categorical
allowable values:
absent: (uncertain)
colporus: Pollen aperture shape that combines the groove of colpate and the pore of porate apertures
colpus: Pollen aperture shape is elongate and grooved and may be positioned globally or equatorially
pore: Pollen aperture shape is round and pore-like and may be positioned globally or equatorially
ring_like: (uncertain)
spiraperturate: Pollen grain with one or more spiral apertures
sulcus: Pollen aperture shape is elongate and grooved and positioned at the pole
syncolpus: Pollen grain with two or more simple (or compound) colpi, the ends of which join at the pole
ulcus: Pollen aperture shape is round and pore-like and positioned at the pole

fluorescence_Jmax_per_mass

label: Capacity for photosynthetic electron transport, measured through chlorophyll fluorescence, on a per mass basis
description: Capacity for photosynthetic electron transport, measured through chlorophyll fluorescence, on a per mass basis
number of records: 90
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: umol/g/s
allowable range: 0 - 3 umol/g/s

fluorescence_Vcmax_per_mass

label: Maximum carboxylase activity of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), measured through chlorophyll fluorescence, on a per mass basis
description: Maximum carboxylase activity of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), measured through chlorophyll fluorescence, on a per mass basis
number of records: 90
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: umol/g
allowable range: 0 - 1 umol/g

fluorescence_Jmax_over_Vcmax

label: Ratio of photosynthetic electron transport capacity to maximum Rubisco activity, measured through chlorophyll fluorescence
description: Ratio of photosynthetic electron transport capacity to maximum Rubisco activity, measured through chlorophyll fluorescence
number of records: 90
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: dimensionless
allowable range: 0 - 5 dimensionless

Jmax_per_area

label: Capacity for photosynthetic electron transport, calculated from an A-Ci response curve, on an area basis
description: Capacity for photosynthetic electron transport, calculated from an A-Ci response curve, on an area basis
number of records: 245
number of studies: 3
type: numeric
units: umol/m2/s
allowable range: 1 - 500 umol/m2/s

Vcmax_per_area

label: Maximum carboxylase activity of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), measured through chlorophyll fluorescence, on a per mass basis
description: Maximum carboxylase activity of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), calculated from an A-Ci response curve, on an area basis
number of records: 245
number of studies: 3
type: numeric
units: umol/m2/s
allowable range: 10 - 500 umol/m2/s

fruit_colour

label: Fruit colour
description: Colour of a fruit
number of records: 0
number of studies: 0
type: categorical
allowable values:
pink: pink
red: red
orange: orange
yellow: yellow
green: green
blue: blue
purple: purple
white: white
cream: cream
brown: brown
black: black
grey: grey

fruit_mass

label: Fruit dry mass
description: Dry mass of a fruit, including the seed
number of records: 495
number of studies: 7
type: numeric
units: mg
allowable range: 0.1 - 1e+05 mg

fruit_wall_width

label: Fruit wall width
description: Width of the fruit wall
number of records: 329
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: mm
allowable range: 0.01 - 50 mm

fruit_width

label: Fruit diameter
description: Longest width dimension of a fruit; orthogonal to the length
number of records: 5438
number of studies: 9
type: numeric
units: mm
allowable range: 0.1 - 500 mm

fruit_length

label: Fruit length
description: Longest fruit dimension or if clearly recognizable the length from its base to its apex
number of records: 6639
number of studies: 10
type: numeric
units: mm
allowable range: 0.1 - 2000 mm

fruit_breadth

label: Fruit breadth
description: Shorter width dimension of a fruit; orthogonal to the length
number of records: 86
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: mm
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 mm

fruit_N_per_dry_mass

label: Fruit nitrogen (N) content per unit fruit dry mass
description: Fruit nitrogen (N) content per unit fruit dry mass
number of records: 23
number of studies: 4
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.5 - 100 mg/g

fruit_P_per_dry_mass

label: Fruit phosphorus (P) content per unit fruit dry mass
description: Fruit phosphorus (P) content per unit fruit dry mass
number of records: 21
number of studies: 4
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.01 - 10 mg/g

fruit_Mg_per_dry_mass

label: Fruit magnesium (Mg) content per unit fruit dry mass
description: Fruit magnesium (Mg) content per unit fruit dry mass
number of records: 19
number of studies: 3
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.05 - 10 mg/g

fruit_Ca_per_dry_mass

label: Fruit calcium (Ca) content per unit fruit dry mass
description: Fruit calcium (Ca) content per unit fruit dry mass
number of records: 19
number of studies: 3
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.5 - 100 mg/g

fruit_K_per_dry_mass

label: Fruit potassium (K) content per unit fruit dry mass
description: Fruit potassium (K) content per unit fruit dry mass
number of records: 19
number of studies: 3
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.5 - 100 mg/g

fruit_S_per_dry_mass

label: Fruit sulphur (S) content per unit fruit dry mass
description: Fruit sulphur (S) content per unit fruit dry mass
number of records: 19
number of studies: 3
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.05 - 10 mg/g

fruit_type

label: Fruit type
description: Fruit types
number of records: 31506
number of studies: 10
type: categorical
allowable values:
achene: A small, dry, indehiscent one-seeded fruit with a thin wall
accessory_fruit: Fruit in which some of the flesh is derived from tissues adjacent to the true fruit; pseudocarp
accessory_fruit_dry: Dry fruit in which some of the flesh is derived from tissues adjacent to the true fruit; pseudocarp
aggregate_fruit: A fruit formed from several carpels derived from the same flower
anthocarp_nut: A false fruit consisting of the true fruit and the base of the floral whorls; instance where the true fruit is a nut
anthocarp_viscid: UNCERTAIN what the viscid refers to (See anthocarp above)
berry: Fleshy, indehiscent fruit in which the seeds are generally more than 1 and are not encased in a stone
berry_dry: Indehiscent fruit that is a berry, but dry
berry_inf: UNCERTAIN how this differs from general definition for berry
capsule: Dry fruit from compound pistil, nearly always dehiscent
capsule_dehiscent: Capsule that is dehiscent
capsule_indehiscent: Capsule that is indehiscent
capsule_explosive: Dry fruit from compound pistil, that releases its seeds in an explosive manner
capsule_aril: Dry fruit from compound pistil, with a fleshy outgrowth (aril) to attract pollinators; maybe use ‘capsule_reward’
capsule_wing: Dry fruit from compound pistil, with a wing for dispersal by wind
caryopsis: a dry one-seeded fruit in which the ovary wall is united with the seed coat, typical of grasses and cereals
cocci: One of the carpels or seed-vessels of a dry fruit.
cone: Fruit is located in a cone.
cypsela: An achene developed from an inferior bicarpellary ovary fused with the calyx tube (in Asteraceae)
dehiscent: Dehiscent fruit, no details specified
dehiscent_pod: Pod that opens or disarticulates at maturity
dry_indehiscent: Dry, indehiscent fruit, exact type not specified
dry_dehiscent_reward: Dry dehiscent with fleshy reward (e.g. aril, funicle, elaiosome, etc.)
dry_not_winged: Dry dehiscent or indehiscent without attractant or wing
dry_winged: Dry dehiscent or indehiscent with wing or plume (e.g. cypsela, samara, plumed achene, etc.)
drupe: Fleshy or pulpy, indehiscent, superficially berry-like fruit in which 1 seed is encased in a stone or more than 1 seed is encased in an equal number of free or variously fused stones
drupe_fibrous: Fibrous or dry drupe; indehiscent, superficially berry-like fruit in which 1 seed is encased in a stone or more than 1 seed is encased in an equal number of free or variously fused stones
fig: UNKNOWN
fleshy: Any fleshy fruit, including leshy berry, pome, pepo, etc.
fleshy_dehiscent: Dehiscent fleshy fruit
fleshy_indehiscent: Indehiscent fleshy fruit
follicle: Dry fruit from a simple pistil, dehiscent on generally only one side, along a single suture
follicle_dehiscent: Follicle that is dehiscent
indehiscent_pod: Pod that does not or disarticulate at maturity
indehiscent: Indehiscent fruit, no details specified
legume: Fruits from a legume; a dry or somewhat fleshy, 1- to many-seeded fruit from a simple pistil, typically dehiscent longitudinally along two sutures and splitting into halves that remain joined at the base
legume_indehiscent: Fruits from a legume; a legume (see above) that is indehiscent
mericarp: One of the two carpels that resemble achenes and form the schizocarp of an umbelliferous plant.
multiple_fruit: UNKNOWN
nut: Mostly dry, sometimes fleshy or pulpy, usually indehiscent fruit in which a single seed is encased in a hard shell
nut_indehiscent: Nut that is indehiscent
nut_winged: A nut that is enclosed in a winglike bract
nutlet: Small, dry nut or nut-like fruit, usually several of which are produced by a single flower; especially an achene
pod: A legume or superficially similar fruit
pome: A fleshy false fruit
pyrene: Fleshy fruit with each seed surrounded by a bony endocarp.
samara: A winged achene, a type of fruit in which a flattened wing of fibrous, papery tissue develops from the ovary wall
schizocarp: A dry fruit which splits into individual carpels
silique: Fruit type with two fused carpels with the length being more than three times the width; Brassicaceae
spore: Spore-producing plant
synangium: Compound fruiting body produced by some ferns and primitive gymnosperms
synconium: A fleshy hollow receptacle that develops into a multiple fruit, as in the fig
syncarp: A multiple fruit consisting of several united fruits, originating from several originally free carpels, usually fleshy
utricle: Small, bladder-like, thin-walled indehiscent fruit
utricle_fleshy: Small, bladder-like, thin-walled indehiscent fruit, that is partially fleshy
utricle_spiny: Small, bladder-like, thin-walled indehiscent fruit, that is spiny
viviparous: Plant sheds small live parts to spread

fruit_type_botanical

label: Fruit type (fleshy / dry)
description: Binary variable, dividing fruits into ‘dry’ versus ‘fleshy’ based on botanical descriptions of the true fruit
number of records: 5350
number of studies: 2
type: categorical
allowable values:
dry: true fruit that is dry
fleshy: true fruit that is fleshy

fruit_type_functional

label: Fruit type functional (fleshy vs dry dispersal units)
description: Binary variable dividing fruits into dry versus fleshy based on their dispersal units. Fruits classified as ‘fleshy’ if the true fruit, accessory fruits (such as the receptacle in Podocarpus) and appendages (e.g. the sarcotesta in Cycads) were fleshy when mature (e.g. aril, thalamus, receptacle, calyx, rachis or bract or succulent pedicel); otherwise, they are classified as ‘non-fleshy’
number of records: 4126
number of studies: 1
type: categorical
allowable values:
dry: fruit whose dispersal unit is functionally dry
fleshy: fruit whose dispersal unit is functionally fleshy

fruiting_time

label: Plant reproductive phenology timing (fruiting)
description: Months during which taxon is fruiting; keyed as a sequences of 12 0s (not flowering) and 1s (flowering) starting with January
number of records: 3768
number of studies: 7
type: categorical
allowable values:
**:

time_from_fire_to_fruit

label: Elapsed time from fire to fruiting
description: Elapsed time from fire to fruiting
number of records: 10
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: months
allowable range: 1 - 500 months

fv_over_fm

label: Fv/Fm
description: Chlorophyll fluorescence measurement that indicates whether plant stress affects photo-system II in a dark adapted state
number of records: 153
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: x/x
allowable range: 0.2 - 1 x/x

germination

label: Germination (proportion)
description: Proportion of seeds that germinate
number of records: 7644
number of studies: 5
type: numeric
units: n/n
allowable range: 0 - 1 n/n

germination_treatment

label: Germination treatment
description: Seed treatment required for germination
number of records: 4108
number of studies: 3
type: categorical
allowable values:
apply_chemical: apply generic chemical treatment
crack_seed: UNKNOWN
excise_pericarp: same as remove seed_coat
heat: heating the seed
imbibed: soaked
imbibed_bleach: soaked in a mild bleach solution
imbibed_calcium_hypochlorite: soaked in a mild solution of calcium hypochlorite (is this always the same as standard bleach?)
imbibed_cooled_boiling: soaked in water that has boiled and then cooled slightly
imbibed_distilled: soaked in distilled water
imbibed_hot_water: soaked in hot, but not boiling water
imbibed_near_boiling: soaked in near-boiling water
imbibed_remove_casing: soaked and seed casing removed
imbibed_remove_salt: soaked to leach salts
imbibed_seed_primer: soaked in seed primer
imbibed_then_nicked: soaked, then seed is nicked
incise_pericarp: make incision into pericarp
light: light
mycorhizal_association: Requires mycorhizal symbiont to germinate
none: No special germination treatment required
remove_bracts: remove bracts surrounding the seed
remove_mericarp_plug: remove the mericarp plug
remove_seed_casing: UNKNOWN
remove_seed_coat: same as excise pericarp
rinse: rinse the seed (generic)
scarify: Unspecified seed scarification
scarify_file_seed_coat: UNKNOWN
scarify_fruit: Remove or partially remove a covering that is not the seed coat
scarify_fruit_vice: Remove or partially remove a covering that is not the seed coat. Covering sufficiently tough a vice is required to break it.
scarify_nick_seed_coat: Chip, nick, or otherwise partially remove the seed coat
scarify_pierce_seed_coat: UNKNOWN
scarify_remove_aril: UNKNOWN
scarify_remove_seed_coat: UNKNOWN
scarify_sand_seed_coat: Sand the seed coat
scarify_seed_coat_vice: UNKNOWN
simulate_smoke: Simulate smoke conditions for a period using the disk method.
smoke: Seed requires smoke to germinate
smoked_water: Soak seed in smoked water
smoke_and_heat: Expose seed to a combination of smoke and heat
smoke_and_light: Expose seed to smoke and light
sterilise_calcium_hydroxide: Seed sterilised in calcium hydroxide (or similar)
sterilise_domestos: Seed sterilised in 10% doemestos (or similar)
stratification: Cold treatment

genome_size

label: Plant genome size
description: Mass of the plant’s genome
number of records: 1081
number of studies: 3
type: numeric
units: pg
allowable range: 0.5 - 100 pg

glaucous

label: Glaucous
description: Variable indicating if a plant’s leaves are glaucous or not
number of records: 5
number of studies: 1
type: categorical
allowable values:
0: not glaucous
1: glaucous

growth_habit

label: Growth habit (data actually describes plant vegetative reproduction capacity)
description: Variable that defines a combination of growth habit and plant vegetative reproductive potential
number of records: 307
number of studies: 4
type: categorical
allowable values:
prostrate: Plants that lie flat on the ground
rhizomatous: Plants having modified underground stems
stoloniferous: Plants having horizontal branches from the base of the plant that produce new plants from buds at its tip or nodes
tufted: A dense clump attached at the base or growing close together; can refer to grasses, shrubs, or trees

guard_cell_length

label: Guard cell length
description: Length of guard cells
number of records: 339
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: um
allowable range: 10 - 200 um

huber_value

label: Huber value
description: Sapwood area to leaf area ratio
number of records: 1171
number of studies: 15
type: numeric
units: mm2_sapwood/mm2_leaf
allowable range: 1e-06 - 0.2 mm2_sapwood/mm2_leaf

hypocotyl_type

label: Hypocotyl type
description: Binary variable distinguishing between glabrous versus hairy hypocotyls (the embryonic axis to which the cotyeledons are attached).
number of records: 567
number of studies: 1
type: categorical
allowable values:
glabrous: Hypocotyl lacks hairs
hairy: Hypocotyl has hairs

upper_hypodermis_thickness

label: Upper hypodermis thickness
description: Thickness of the upper hypodermis
number of records: 8
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: um
allowable range: 1 - 100 um

lower_hypodermis_thickness

label: Lower hypodermis thickness
description: Thickness of the lower hypodermis
number of records: 4
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: um
allowable range: 1 - 100 um

inundation_tolerance

label: Inundation tolerance
description: Ability of taxon to tolerate being under water
number of records: 7423
number of studies: 1
type: categorical
allowable values:
not_applicable: Taxa is not typically confronted with beng inundated and its response is unknown.
<1_month: Taxa able to tolerate being inundated for less than 1 month.
1-6_months: Taxa able to tolerate being inundated for 1-6 months.
>6_months: Taxa able to tolerate being inundated for more than 6 months.
aquatic: Taxa truly aquatic and able to be permanantly inundated.

flood_regime_classification

label: Growth and germination response to flood regime
description: Functional group classification scheme used to categorise taxa into seven groups based on their growth and germination responses to flood regime. Based on Brock and Casanova (1997) and Casanova and Brock (2000).
number of records: 144
number of studies: 1
type: categorical
allowable values:
terrestrial_dry: Species which germinate, grow and reproduce where there is no surface water and the water table is below the soil surface. (Dry species; Tdr)
terrestrial_damp: Species which germinate, grow and reproduce on saturated soil. (Damp species; Tda)
amphibious_fluctuation_tolerators_emergent: Species which germinate in damp or flooded conditions, which tolerate variation in water level, and which grow with their basal portions under water and reproduce out of water. (Emergent species; ATe)
amphibious_fluctuation_tolerators_low: Species which germinate in damp or flooded conditions, which tolerate variation in water level, which are low-growing and tolerate complete submersion when water-levels rise. (Low-growing species; ATl)
amphibious_fluctuation_responders_plastic: Species which germinate in flooded conditions, grow in both flooded and damp conditions, reproduce above the surface of the water, and which have morphological plasticity (e.g. heterophylly) in response to water-level variation. (Morphologically plastic species; ARp)
amphibious_fluctuation_responders_floating: Species which germinate in flooded conditions, grow in both flooded and damp conditions, reproduce above the surface of the water, and which have floating leaves when inundated. (Species with floating leaves; ARf)
amphibious: Species which germinate in damp or flooded conditions and can grow in or our of water.
submerged: Species which germinate, grow and reproduce underwater. (S)

leaf_angle

label: Leaf angle, relative to horizontal
description: Leaf angle, relative to horizontal
number of records: 1595
number of studies: 4
type: numeric
units: degrees
allowable range: -180 - 180 degrees

leaf_curliness

label: Maximum absolute height of a leaf when positioned on a flat surface.
description: Maximum absolute height of a leaf when positioned on a flat surface. A measure of how 3-dimensional a leaf is (versus planar).
number of records: 144
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: mm
allowable range: 0 - 100 mm

leaf_area

label: Leaf area
description: Area of the leaf surface
number of records: 27999
number of studies: 90
type: numeric
units: mm2
allowable range: 0.1 - 1e+07 mm2

leaflet_area

label: Leaf area
description: Area of the surface of a single leaflet
number of records: 129
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: mm2
allowable range: 0.1 - 1e+06 mm2

leaf_area_ratio

label: Leaf area per unit plant dry mass
description: Ratio of leaf area to total plant dry mass
number of records: 1009
number of studies: 11
type: numeric
units: mm2/mg
allowable range: 0.05 - 100 mm2/mg

leaf_absorption

label: Proportion of incoming visible light that is absorbed by the leaf
description: Proportion of incoming visible light (between 400-700 nm) that is absorbed by the leaf
number of records: 99
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: umol/umol
allowable range: 0.01 - 1 umol/umol

leaf_reflectance

label: Proportion of incoming visible light that is reflected by the leaf
description: Proportion of incoming visible light (between 400-700 nm) that is reflected by the leaf
number of records: 194
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: umol/umol
allowable range: 0.01 - 1 umol/umol

leaf_reflectance_near_infrared

label: Proportion of incoming near infra-red light that is reflected by the leaf
description: Proportion of incoming near infra-red light (between 750-10500 nm) that is reflected by the leaf
number of records: 95
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: umol/umol
allowable range: 0.1 - 1 umol/umol

leaf_transmission

label: Proportion of incoming visible light that is transmitted through the leaf
description: Proportion of incoming visible light (between 400-700 nm) that is transmitted through the leaf
number of records: 98
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: umol/umol
allowable range: 0.001 - 1 umol/umol

leaf_PRI

label: Photochemical Reflectance Index
description: Photochemical reflectance index measures plant responses to stress, by indicating changes in carotenoid pigments in live foliage.
number of records: 552
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: umol/umol
allowable range: -1 - 1 umol/umol

leaf_arrangement

label: Arrangement of leaves
description: Describes leaf arrangement on the stem
number of records: 5990
number of studies: 1
type: categorical
allowable values:
alternate: A single leaf is attached at each stem node
opposite: Leaves attach to the stem in pairs
reduced_to_scales: Plant lacks true leaves. Leaves are instead small scales
whorled_tufted_crowded: Three or more leaves are attached at each node

leaf_ash_content_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf ash content per dry mass
description: Leaf ash content per dry mass, where leaf ash is the component of the leaf remaining after combustion.
number of records: 308
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: %
allowable range: 0.01 - 100 %

leaf_Al_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf aluminium (Al) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf aluminium (Al) content per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 968
number of studies: 7
type: numeric
units: mg/kg
allowable range: 0.01 - 12000 mg/kg

leaf_B_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf boron (B) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf boron (B) content per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 1079
number of studies: 8
type: numeric
units: mg/kg
allowable range: 0.01 - 1000 mg/kg

leaf_C_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf carbon (C) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf carbon (C) content per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 4484
number of studies: 25
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 50 - 750 mg/g

leaf_Ca_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf calcium (Ca) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf calcium (Ca) content per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 1815
number of studies: 17
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.01 - 1000 mg/g

leaf_cell_wall_fraction

label: Leaf cell wall fraction (fraction of cell wall material recovered from total leaf biomass)
description: Fraction of total leaf biomass that is cell wall material
number of records: 85
number of studies: 3
type: numeric
units: dimensionless
allowable range: 0.1 - 1 dimensionless

leaf_cell_wall_N

label: Leaf cell wall nitrogen concentration
description: Proportion of leaf cell wall material that is nitrogen
number of records: 29
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: mmolN/g
allowable range: 0.1 - 10 mmolN/g

leaf_cell_wall_N_fraction

label: Leaf cell wall nitrogen fraction
description: Proportion of all N in leaves that is found in the leaf cell walls
number of records: 29
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: dimensionless
allowable range: 0.01 - 1 dimensionless

leaf_Cl_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf chlorine (Cl) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf chlorine (Cl) content per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 6
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: mg/kg
allowable range: 10 - 10000 mg/kg

leaf_CN_ratio

label: Leaf carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio
description: Leaf carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio
number of records: 720
number of studies: 5
type: numeric
units: g/g
allowable range: 10 - 1000 g/g

leaf_compoundness

label: Leaf compoundness
description: Indicates whether or not a leaf is compound; different ‘simple’ terminology used by different studies
number of records: 19333
number of studies: 26
type: categorical
allowable values:
compound: A leaf that is divided into multiple leaflets
leafless: A stem that lacks leaves
phyllode: Stem segment that functions like a leaf
scale: A scale leaf
simple: A leaf with a single undivided blade
trifoliate: A leaf that is divided into three leaflets; a special category of compound

leaf_Co_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf cobalt (Co) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf cobalt (Co) content per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 27
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: ppm
allowable range: 0.01 - 150 ppm

leaf_Cr_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf chromium (Cr) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf chromium (Cr) content per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 218
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: ppm
allowable range: 0.01 - 150 ppm

leaf_Cu_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf copper (Cu) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf copper (Cu) content per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 1398
number of studies: 12
type: numeric
units: mg/kg
allowable range: 0.01 - 150 mg/kg

leaf_dark_respiration_per_area

label: Leaf respiration rate per unit leaf area, in the dark
description: Leaf respiration rate per unit leaf area, in the dark
number of records: 2205
number of studies: 13
type: numeric
units: umolCO2/m2/s
allowable range: 0.001 - 15 umolCO2/m2/s

leaf_dark_respiration_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf respiration rate per unit leaf dry mass, in the dark
description: Leaf respiration rate per unit leaf dry mass, in the dark
number of records: 1585
number of studies: 8
type: numeric
units: umolCO2/g/s
allowable range: 0.001 - 1 umolCO2/g/s

stem_respiration_per_dry_mass

label: Stem respiration rate per unit dry mass
description: Stem respiration rate per unit dry mass
number of records: 212
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: umolCO2/g/s
allowable range: 0.01 - 10 umolCO2/g/s

leaf_light_respiration_per_area

label: Leaf respiration rate per unit leaf area, in the light
description: Leaf respiration rate per unit leaf area, in the light
number of records: 106
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: umolCO2/m2/s
allowable range: 1e-05 - 10000 umolCO2/m2/s

leaf_delta13C

label: Leaf carbon (C) isotope signature (delta 13C)
description: Leaf carbon stable isotope signature
number of records: 5101
number of studies: 33
type: numeric
units: per mille
allowable range: -50 - 0 per mille

leaf_delta15N

label: Leaf nitrogen (N) isotope signature (delta 15N)
description: Leaf nitrogen stable isotope signature
number of records: 2538
number of studies: 15
type: numeric
units: per mille
allowable range: -25 - 75 per mille

leaf_xylem_delta15N

label: Xylem nitrogen (N) isotope signature (delta 15N) from leaves
description: Xylem nitrogen stable isotope signature from leaves
number of records: 78
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: per mille
allowable range: -25 - 75 per mille

leaf_delta18O

label: Leaf oxygen (O) isotope signature (delta 18O)
description: Leaf oxygen stable isotope signature
number of records: 15
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: per mille
allowable range: -10 - 50 per mille

stem_water_delta18O

label: Oxygen stable isotope signature (d18O) of stem water
description: Oxygen stable isotope signature of stem water
number of records: 95
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: per mille
allowable range: -10 - 50 per mille

leaf_density

label: Leaf tissue density
description: Leaf tissue density
number of records: 743
number of studies: 7
type: numeric
units: mg/mm3
allowable range: 0.05 - 1.1 mg/mm3

leaf_dry_mass

label: Leaf dry mass
description: Leaf dry mass
number of records: 13450
number of studies: 36
type: numeric
units: mg
allowable range: 0.01 - 15000 mg

leaflet_dry_mass

label: Dry mass of a single leaflet
description: Dry mass of a single leaflet
number of records: 127
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: mg
allowable range: 0.005 - 15000 mg

leaf_dry_matter_content

label: Leaf dry mass per unit leaf fresh mass (Leaf dry matter content, LDMC)
description: Leaf dry mass per unit leaf fresh mass. (See also leaf_water_content_per_mass, the ratio of water content to leaf dry mass, recorded by some studies.)
number of records: 6750
number of studies: 29
type: numeric
units: g/g
allowable range: 0.001 - 2 g/g

leaf_elastic_modulus

label: Leaf elastic modulus
description: Ratio of the change in cell turgor relative to the change in cell volume
number of records: 0
number of studies: 0
type: numeric
units: mmol/m2/s
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 mmol/m2/s

leaf_Fe_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf iron (Fe) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf iron (Fe) content per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 1693
number of studies: 13
type: numeric
units: mg/kg
allowable range: 1 - 10000 mg/kg

leaf_fresh_mass

label: Leaf fresh mass
description: Leaf fresh mass
number of records: 3884
number of studies: 13
type: numeric
units: mg
allowable range: 0.1 - 30000 mg

leaf_fresh_mass_per_area

label: Leaf fresh mass per leaf area
description: Leaf fresh mass per leaf area
number of records: 108
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: g/m2
allowable range: 200 - 2000 g/m2

leaf_hairs_adult

label: Presence of hairs on adult leaves
description: Binary variable describing whether or not adult leaves have hairs
number of records: 317
number of studies: 3
type: categorical
allowable values:
0: leaves on adult plants do not have hairs
1: leaves on adult plants do have hairs

leaf_hairs_juvenile

label: Presence of hairs on juvenile leaves
description: Binary variable describing whether or not juvenile leaves have hairs
number of records: 75
number of studies: 1
type: categorical
allowable values:
0: leaves on juvenile plants do not have hairs
1: leaves on juvenile plants do have hairs

leaf_hydraulic_conductivity

label: Leaf hydraulic conductivity
description: Measure of how efficiently water is transported through the leaf, determined as the ratio of water flow rate through the leaf to the difference in water potential across the leaf, standardised to leaf area.
number of records: 81
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: mmol/m2/s/MPa
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 mmol/m2/s/MPa

leaf_hydraulic_vulnerability

label: Leaf hydraulic vulnerability
description: Leaf water potential value at which leaf hydraulic conductance has declined by 50% from the mean maximum rate
number of records: 20
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: neg_MPa
allowable range: 0.001 - 40 neg_MPa

leaf_K_per_area

label: Leaf potassium (K) content per unit leaf area
description: Leaf potassium (K) content per unit leaf area
number of records: 18
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: g/m2
allowable range: 0.1 - 10 g/m2

leaf_K_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf potassium (K) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf potassium (K) content per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 2593
number of studies: 19
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 mg/g

leaf_length

label: Leaf length
description: Length of the leaf, including petiole and rachis in compound leaves
number of records: 41037
number of studies: 43
type: numeric
units: mm
allowable range: 0.1 - 1e+05 mm

leaf_lifespan

label: Leaf lifespan (longevity)
description: Leaf lifespan (longevity)
number of records: 428
number of studies: 6
type: numeric
units: month
allowable range: 1 - 1000 month

leaf_cellulose_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf cellulose per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf cellulose per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 420
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: mg/mg
allowable range: 0.01 - 1 mg/mg

leaf_lignin_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf lignin per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf lignin per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 121
number of studies: 4
type: numeric
units: mg/mg
allowable range: 0.01 - 1 mg/mg

leaf_tannin_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf tannins (polyphenols) per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf tannins (polyphenols) per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 462
number of studies: 3
type: numeric
units: mg/mg
allowable range: 0.001 - 1 mg/mg

leaf_margin

label: Leaf margin
description: Description of leaf margin as lobed, toothed or entire.
number of records: 10512
number of studies: 6
type: categorical
allowable values:
entire: Leaf margin without lobes or toothed
lobed: Leaf margin that is either lobed
toothed: Leaf margin that is toothed

leaf_division

label: Leaf divisions
description: Detailed description of leaf divisions, beyond what is captured in leaf_compoundness (simple versus compound) and leaf_margin (entire, toothed, lobed). Includes pinnation
number of records: 275
number of studies: 2
type: categorical
allowable values:
bipartite: Divided into 2 lobes
bipinnate: Twofold pinnate; a leaf with two levels of pinnae (leaflets)
bipinnatisect: Twofold pinnatisect, with lobes upon lobes that extend nearly to the midrib in narrow divisions, but divisions are not separated into distinct leaflets
bipinnatipartite: Twofold pinnatipartite, with lobes upon lobes that extend more than half way to the midrid
coarsely_toothed: coarsely toothed
compound: Compound leaf, type unspecified
crenate: Having a round-toothed or scalloped edge
deeply_bipinnatifid: Lobes upon lobes that extend about half-way toward the midrib
deeply_pinnatifid: Lobes that extend about half-way toward the midrib
deeply_pinnatipartite: Lobes that extend nearly all the way toward the midrib
deeply_segmented: Deeply segmented
deeply_toothed: Deeply toothed
dentate: Sharply toothed
dichotomously_divided: Divided into two lobes
entire: Leaf margin without lobes or toothed; includes “simple” leaves where no lobing or divisions specified
lobed: Leaf margin that is lobed
lobed_to_midvein: same as pinnatisect
pinnate: Leaf divided into leaflets
pinnatifid: Lobes that extend less than half-way toward the midrib
pinnatipartite: Lobes that extend more than half-way toward the midrib
pinnatisect: Lobes that extend nearly to the midrib in narrow divisions, but divisions are not separated into distinct leaflets
pinnately_lobed: Shallow lobes in a pinnate pattern
palmately_compound: Palmately compound
palmately_lobed: Palmately lobed
shallowly_lobed: With shallow lobes
toothed: Leaf margin that is toothed
trichotomously_divided: Divided repeatedly into three lobes
trifoliate: Divided into 3 leaflets
tripartite: Divided into 3 lobes
tripinnate: Threefold pinnate; a leaf with three levels of pinnae (leaflets)

leaf_mass_fraction

label: Leaf mass fraction
description: Ratio of leaf dry mass to total plant dry mass
number of records: 905
number of studies: 6
type: numeric
units: g/g
allowable range: 0.01 - 1 g/g

leaf_mass_to_stem_mass

label: Ratio of leaf dry mass to stem dry mass
description: Ratio of leaf dry mass to stem dry mass
number of records: 395
number of studies: 3
type: numeric
units: g/g
allowable range: 0.01 - 10 g/g

leaf_mesophyll_conductance_per_area

label: Mesophyll conductance per unit leaf area
description: Rate of CO2 movement between chloroplasts and sub-stomatal cavities (intracellular space), per unit leaf area
number of records: 90
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: mmolCO2/g/s
allowable range: 0.01 - 1 mmolCO2/g/s

leaf_mesophyll_conductance_per_mass

label: Mesophyll conductance per unit leaf mass
description: Rate of CO2 movement between chloroplasts and sub-stomatal cavities (intracellular space), per unit leaf mass
number of records: 90
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: molCO2/m2/s
allowable range: 0.01 - 10 molCO2/m2/s

leaf_Mg_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf magnesium (Mg) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf magnesium (Mg) content per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 1786
number of studies: 16
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.01 - 10000 mg/g

leaf_Mn_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf manganese (Mn) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf manganese (Mn) content per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 1694
number of studies: 13
type: numeric
units: mg/kg
allowable range: 1 - 20000 mg/kg

leaf_Mo_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf molybdenum (Mo) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf molybdenum (Mo) content per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 330
number of studies: 3
type: numeric
units: mg/kg
allowable range: 0 - 100 mg/kg

leaf_N_per_area

label: Leaf nitrogen (N) content per unit leaf area
description: Leaf nitrogen (N) content per unit leaf area
number of records: 3940
number of studies: 28
type: numeric
units: g/m2
allowable range: 0.15 - 50 g/m2

leaf_N_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf nitrogen (N) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf nitrogen (N) content per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 11358
number of studies: 80
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.5 - 100 mg/g

leaf_Na_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf sodium (Na) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf sodium (Na) content per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 1188
number of studies: 11
type: numeric
units: mg/kg
allowable range: 1 - 20000 mg/kg

leaf_Ni_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf nickel (Ni) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf nickel (Ni) content per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 132
number of studies: 3
type: numeric
units: mg/kg
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 mg/kg

leaf_P_per_area

label: Leaf phosphorus (P) content per unit leaf area
description: Leaf phosphorus (P) content per unit leaf area
number of records: 2493
number of studies: 16
type: numeric
units: g/m2
allowable range: 0.005 - 1.2 g/m2

leaf_P_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf phosphorus (P) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf phosphorus (P) content per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 6194
number of studies: 45
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.03 - 12 mg/g

leaf_phenol_content_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf phenol (P) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf phenol content, measured as gallic acid equivalents (GAE), per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 298
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: g/kg
allowable range: 1 - 100 g/kg

leaf_phenology

label: Leaf phenology type (evergreen, deciduous, semi-deciduous)
description: Variable indicating whether a plant has deciduous versus evergreen leaves; different types of deciduousness included as trait values
number of records: 8431
number of studies: 27
type: categorical
allowable values:
deciduous: Plant where all leaves are shed yearly, either due to drought or cold
evergreen: Plant which retains its leaves year-round
drought_deciduous: Plant that sheds its leaves in response to drought
facultative_drought_deciduous: Plant that sometimes sheds its leaves in response to drought
semi_deciduous: Plant that sheds its leaves each year for just a very brief period of time

leaf_photosynthetic_nitrogen_use_efficiency_maximum

label: Leaf photosynthesis rate per unit leaf nitrogen (N) content (photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency, PNUE) at saturating light and CO2 conditions
description: Ratio of photosynthesis (CO2 assimilation rate) to leaf nitrogen content at saturating light and CO2 conditions
number of records: 99
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: umolCO2/molN/s
allowable range: 1 - 1000 umolCO2/molN/s

leaf_photosynthetic_nitrogen_use_efficiency_saturated

label: Leaf photosynthesis rate per unit leaf nitrogen (N) content (photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency, PNUE) at saturating light conditions but ambient CO2 conditions
description: Ratio of photosynthesis (CO2 assimilation rate) to leaf nitrogen content at saturating light conditions but ambient CO2 conditions
number of records: 1410
number of studies: 8
type: numeric
units: umolCO2/molN/s
allowable range: 1 - 1000 umolCO2/molN/s

leaf_photosynthetic_phosphorus_use_efficiency_maximum

label: Leaf photosynthesis rate per unit leaf phosphorus (P) content (photosynthetic phosphorus use efficiency, PPUE) at saturating light and CO2 conditions
description: Ratio of photosynthesis (CO2 assimilation rate) to leaf phosphorus content at saturating light and CO2 conditions
number of records: 73
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: umolCO2/molP/s
allowable range: 100 - 1e+05 umolCO2/molP/s

leaf_photosynthetic_phosphorus_use_efficiency_saturated

label: Leaf photosynthesis rate per unit leaf phosphorus (P) content (photosynthetic phosphorus use efficiency, PPUE) at saturating light conditions but ambient CO2 conditions
description: Ratio of photosynthesis (CO2 assimilation rate) to leaf phosphorus content at saturating light conditions but ambient CO2 conditions
number of records: 1269
number of studies: 3
type: numeric
units: umolCO2/molP/s
allowable range: 10 - 1e+05 umolCO2/molP/s

leaf_Se_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf selenium (Se) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf selenium (Se) content per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 30
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: ppm
allowable range: 0.01 - 100 ppm

leaf_Si_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf silicon (Si) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf silicon (Si) content per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 298
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: g/kg
allowable range: 0.01 - 100 g/kg

leaf_S_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf sulphur (S) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf sulphur (S) content per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 1395
number of studies: 13
type: numeric
units: mg/kg
allowable range: 50 - 50000 mg/kg

leaf_shape

label: Leaf shape
description: Leaf shape
number of records: 3405
number of studies: 16
type: categorical
allowable values:
acicular: Needle-shaped
article: Leaf comprised of jointed segments, as in family Casuarinaceae
auriculate: Shaped like an ear or ear lobe.
branchlets_articles: Branches with article leaves, as in family Casuarinaceae
broadly_lanceolate: Like lanceolate, but broader
broadly_obovate: Like obovate, but broader
broadly_ovate: Like ovate, but broader
circular: Circular
cladode: A flattened stem or internode that resembles and functions as a leaf
clavate: Slender, broadening towards the tip; club-shaped, with the thickened part at the tip
cordate: Heart-shaped
cuneate: Triangular, wedge-shaped, stem attaches to point
deltoid: Triangular, stem attaches to side
dimidate: A leaf in which only one side is developed
elliptical: Oval shaped, without a distinct point
elliptical-oblong: Oval shaped, without a distinct point, but more elongated
flabelliform: Fan-shaped
falcate: Sickle-shaped
flat: Leave flat
filiform: Thread-like or filament-shaped
fusiform: Spindle-shaped and tapering at both ends
half_terete: Semi-circular in cross-section
hastate: Spear-shaped - pointed, with barbs, shaped like a spear point, with flaring pointed lobes at the base
lanceolate: Long, wider in the middle, shaped like a lance tip
leafless: No leaf present
linear: Long and very narrow like a blade of grass
linear_elliptical: A particularly long, narrow elliptical leaf
linear_oblanceolate: A particularly long, narrow oblanceolate leaf
linear_obovate: A particularly long, narrow obovate leaf
lobed: Being divided by clefts, may be pinnately lobed or palmately lobed
lorate: Having the form of a strap
narrowly_cuneate: like cuneate, but narrower
narrowly_elliptical: like elliptical, but narrower
narrowly_oblong: like oblong, but narrower
narrowly_obovate: like obovate, but narrower
narrowly_obtrullate: like obtrullate, but narrower
narrowly_ovate: like ovate, but narrower
narrowly_subulate: like subulate, but narrower
narrowly_rhomboidal: like rhomboidal, but narrower
narrowly_triangular: like triangular, but narrower
needle: Needle-shaped
obcordate: Heart-shaped, stem attaches at the tapering end
oblanceolate: Much longer than wide and with the widest portion near the tip, reversed lanceolate
oblate: An elongate leaf that is wider in the middle than at the two ends
oblong: Having an elongated form with slightly parallel sides, roughly rectangular
obtriangular: A triangular leaf where the stem attaches to the tapering end
obtrullate: In the form of a reversed trowel (with longer sides meeting at the base)
obovate: Teardrop-shaped, stem attaches to the tapering end; reversed ovate
obovoid: A 3-dimensional shape; teardrop-shaped, stem attaches to the tapering end
orbicular: Circular
ovate: Oval, egg-shaped, with a tapering point and the widest portion near the petiole
palm: UNCERTAIN if this refers to a leaf from a palm (Araceeae) or a palmately lobed leaf
palmately_lobed: Palm-shaped, i.e., with lobes or leaflets stemming from the leaf base
peltate: A round leaf where the petiole attaches near the center
phyllode: Stem segment that functions like a leaf
reniform: Shaped like a kidney - an oval with an inward curve on one side
rhomboidal: Diamond-shaped
scale: Scale leaf
spathulate: Spoon-shaped; having a broad flat end which tapers to the base
spine: Leaf reduced to a spine
straight: Leaf with very straight sides
subulate: Slender and tapering to a point; awl-shaped.
terete: Circular in cross-section; more or less cylindrical without grooves or ridges
terete_compressed: Like terete, but compressed
triangular: Triangular leaf where stem attaches to a side; similar to deltoid
trigonous_terete: Terete, but triangular in cross section
widely_obovate: like obovate, but wider
widely_obtrullate: In the form of a reversed trowel (with longer sides meeting at the base), but wider

leaf_specific_conductivity

label: Leaf specific hydraulic conductivity (Kl)
description: Kl; the ratio of leaf hydraulic conductivity to the leaf area distil to the segment
number of records: 387
number of studies: 6
type: numeric
units: 10^4 x kg/m/s/MPa
allowable range: 0.1 - 500 10^4 x kg/m/s/MPa

leaf_thickness

label: Leaf thickness
description: Thickness of the leaf lamina
number of records: 4823
number of studies: 32
type: numeric
units: mm
allowable range: 0.01 - 51 mm

whole_plant_transpiration

label: Whole plant transpiration
description: Rate of water loss per plant, as calculated across longer periods of time under experimental conditions.
number of records: 209
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: g/day/cm2
allowable range: 0.01 - 1000 g/day/cm2

leaf_transpiration

label: Leaf transpiration under ambient conditions
description: Rate of water loss from leaf under ambient conditions
number of records: 180
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: mmolH2O/m2/s
allowable range: 1e-04 - 10000 mmolH2O/m2/s

leaf_transpiration_at_Amax

label: Leaf transpiration during Amax measurement
description: Rate of water loss from leaf during Amax measurement
number of records: 1351
number of studies: 5
type: numeric
units: mmolH2O/m2/s
allowable range: 1e-04 - 10000 mmolH2O/m2/s

leaf_transpiration_at_Asat

label: Leaf transpiration during Asat measurement
description: Rate of water loss from leaf during Asat measurement
number of records: 2440
number of studies: 13
type: numeric
units: mmolH2O/m2/s
allowable range: 1e-04 - 10000 mmolH2O/m2/s

leaf_dark_transpiration_per_area

label: Leaf transpiration rate per unit leaf area, in the dark
description: Leaf transpiration rate per unit leaf area, in the dark
number of records: 1027
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: mmolH2O/m2/s
allowable range: 1e-04 - 10000 mmolH2O/m2/s

leaf_turgor_loss_point

label: Leaf turgor loss point
description: Water potential at which a leaf loses turgor
number of records: 404
number of studies: 5
type: numeric
units: neg_MPa
allowable range: 0.01 - 100 neg_MPa

leaf_relative_water_content_at_turgor_loss_point

label: Leaf relative water content at turgor loss point
description: Ratio of water in a fresh leaf to water in a leaf at turgor loss; calculated from a pressure-volume curve.
number of records: 304
number of studies: 3
type: numeric
units: g/g
allowable range: 0.1 - 1 g/g

bulk_modulus_of_elasticity

label: Bulk modulus of elasticity (e)
description: In leaves, the ratio of the change in cell turgor to the change in cell volume as a plant dries out; calculated from a pressure-volume curve
number of records: 304
number of studies: 3
type: numeric
units: MPa
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 MPa

osmotic_potential_at_full_turgor

label: Osmotic potential at full tugor
description: Osmotic potential at full tugor; calculated from a pressure-volume curve
number of records: 304
number of studies: 3
type: numeric
units: MPa
allowable range: 0.1 - 10 MPa

leaf_type

label: Leaf type
description: Broad definitions of leaf type
number of records: 612
number of studies: 12
type: categorical
allowable values:
article: Leaf comprised of jointed segments
broadleaf: Flat leaf lamina
leafless: Lacks leaves
needle: Needle or awl-shaped leaf
phyllode: Winged leaf stalk which functions as a leaf
scale_leaf: A small flat leaf resembling a scale

leaf_water_content_per_area

label: Leaf water content per unit area
description: Ratio of the mass of water in a leaf to leaf surface area; leaf succulence
number of records: 1822
number of studies: 5
type: numeric
units: g/m2
allowable range: 10 - 5000 g/m2

leaf_water_content_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf water content per unit dry mass
description: Ratio of the mass of water in a leaf to leaf dry mass. (See also leaf_dry_matter_content, the ratio of a leaf’s dry mass to fresh mass, that is recorded by a greater number of studies.)
number of records: 1130
number of studies: 7
type: numeric
units: g/g
allowable range: 0.01 - 20 g/g

leaf_water_content_per_fresh_mass

label: Leaf water content per unit fresh mass
description: Ratio of the mass of water in a leaf to leaf fresh mass. (See also leaf_dry_matter_content, the ratio of a leaf’s dry mass to fresh mass, that is recorded by a greater number of studies.)
number of records: 806
number of studies: 4
type: numeric
units: g/g
allowable range: 0.01 - 10 g/g

leaf_water_content_per_saturated_mass

label: Leaf water content per unit mass of saturated leaf
description: Ratio of water in a saturated leaf (maximal water holding capacity at full turgidity) to leaf saturated mass
number of records: 447
number of studies: 4
type: numeric
units: g/g
allowable range: 0.1 - 10 g/g

stem_water_content_per_saturated_mass

label: Water content per unit mass of saturated stem
description: Ratio of water in a saturated stem (maximal water holding capacity at full turgidity) to stem saturated mass
number of records: 137
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: g/g
allowable range: 0.1 - 10 g/g

bark_water_content_per_saturated_mass

label: Water content per unit mass of saturated bark
description: Ratio of water in a saturated bark (maximal water holding capacity at full turgidity) to bark saturated mass
number of records: 64
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: g/g
allowable range: 0.1 - 10 g/g

bark_water_content_per_dry_mass

label: Bark water content per unit dry mass
description: Ratio of the mass of water in a bark to bark dry mass.
number of records: 19
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: g/g
allowable range: 0.01 - 1 g/g

leaf_width

label: Leaf width
description: Longest width axis of a leaf; orthogonal to its length
number of records: 40107
number of studies: 45
type: numeric
units: mm
allowable range: 0.01 - 1e+05 mm

leaf_work_to_punch

label: Work to punch through a leaf
description: Measure of how much force (work) is required to punch through a leaf; units same as J/m2; slight variation in methods used will mean that, in some cases, values are not perfectly comparable across studies
number of records: 1991
number of studies: 5
type: numeric
units: N/m
allowable range: 0.5 - 10000 N/m

leaf_work_to_punch_adjusted

label: Work to punch through a leaf, adjusted for leaf thickness
description: Measure of how much force (work) is required to punch through a leaf, adjusted for leaf thickness; units same as J/m2; slight variation in methods used will mean that, in some cases, values are not perfectly comparable across studies
number of records: 1991
number of studies: 5
type: numeric
units: N/m2
allowable range: 1000 - 3e+07 N/m2

leaf_work_to_tear

label: Work to tear a leaf
description: Measures of how much force (work) is required to tear/rip a leaf; units same as J/m; slight variation in methods used will mean that, in some cases, values are not perfectly comparable across studies
number of records: 16
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: N
allowable range: 0.01 - 50 N

leaf_work_to_tear_adjusted

label: Work to tear a leaf, adjusted for leaf thickness
description: Measures of how much force (work) is required to tear/rip a leaf, adjusted to leaf thickness; units same as J/m2; slight variation in methods used will mean that, in some cases, values are not perfectly comparable across studies
number of records: 36
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: N/m
allowable range: 10 - 15000 N/m

leaf_work_to_shear

label: Work to shear a leaf
description: Measures of how much force (work) is required to shear a leaf; equivalent to cutting a leaf with scissors; units same as J/m; slight variation in methods used will mean that, in some cases, values are not perfectly comparable across studies
number of records: 192
number of studies: 5
type: numeric
units: N
allowable range: 0.01 - 10 N

leaf_work_to_shear_adjusted

label: Work to shear a leaf, adjusted for leaf thickness
description: Measures of how much force (work) is required to shear a leaf, adjusted to leaf thickness; same units as J/m2; also referred to as ‘fracture toughness’; slight variation in methods used will mean that, in some cases, values are not perfectly comparable across studies
number of records: 192
number of studies: 5
type: numeric
units: N/m
allowable range: 100 - 10000 N/m

leaf_Zn_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf zinc (Zn) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf zinc (Zn) content per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 1392
number of studies: 12
type: numeric
units: mg/kg
allowable range: 0.1 - 1000 mg/kg

life_form

label: Life form
description: Raunkiaer classification; Categorical classification of plants according to shoot-apex or bud protection
number of records: 4120
number of studies: 13
type: categorical
allowable values:
aerophytes: Plants that obtain moisture and nutrients from the air and rain
chamaephyte: Plants with buds on persistent shoots near the soil surface
cryptophytes: plants have subterranean or under water resting buds
epiphyte: Plant that grows on the surface of another plant
geophyte: Plants with bulbs that rest in dry soil as a rhizome, bulb or corm
helophytes: Plants with bulbs that rest in marshy or wet soil
hemicryptophyte: Plants with buds at or near the soil surface
hemicryptophyte_flat_rosette: Plants with buds at or near the soil surface; all leaves radical, leaves flat or erect depending on conditions
hemicryptophyte_erect_rosette: Plants with buds at or near the soil surface; all leaves radical, leaves always erect
hemicryptophyte_partial_rosette: Plants with buds at or near the soil surface; radical and cauline leaves present, largest leaves on lower stem
hemicryptophyte_proto-rosette: Plants with buds at or near the soil surface; all leaves cauline, largest leaves towards the middle of stem
hydrophytes: Plants with bulbs that rest submerged under water
phanerophyte: Plants with dominant buds on branches which project freely into the air; normally woody perennials
therophyte: Annual plants that complete their lives rapidly in favourable conditions and survive the unfavourable cold or dry season in the form of seeds

life_history

label: Life history
description: Categorical description of plant’s life history
number of records: 46854
number of studies: 49
type: categorical
allowable values:
annual: Plant that lives for only a single year
biennial: Plant with a two-year lifespan
ephemeral: Very short-lived plant; the lifespan is usually only a few months
indefinite: Very long-lived plant, whose exact lifespan is unknown. Category also includes plants that reproduce vegetatively, such that their ‘genetic’ lifespan is indefinite
long_lived: Very long-lived plant, whose exact lifespan is unknown
perennial: Plant that lives for 3 or more growing seasons
short_lived_perennial: A short-lived perennial
short_lived: Unclear term that only suggests a plant is not long-lived - could be ephemeral, annual or biennial

lifespan

label: Life span (years)
description: Broad categories of plant life span, in years
number of records: 10051
number of studies: 4
type: categorical
allowable values:
post_fire_ephemeral: Plant that is short-lived following fires
<1: Plant that lives less than 1 year
<3: Plant that lives less than 3 years
<5: Plant that lives less than 5 years
<6: Plant that lives less than 6 years
>6: Plant that lives more than 6 years
<10: Plant that lives less than 10 years
<20: Plant that lives less than 20 years
<50: Plant that lives less than 50 years
<100: Plant that lives less than 100 years
>100: Plant that lives more than 100 years
50-500: Plant that lives between 50-500
>500: Plant that lives more than 500 years
?: Plant with unknown lifespan

sex_type

label: Plant sex type
description: Plant sex type
number of records: 24382
number of studies: 5
type: categorical
allowable values:
androdioecious: Taxa in which hermaphroditic and staminate (male) plants coexist within a population
andromonoecious: Taxa with hermaphrodite flowers and staminate flowers (producing just male gametes) on the same plant but no pistillate (female) flowers.
dioecious: Taxa that produce male and female flowers on separate plants
gynodioecious: Taxa in which hermaphroditic and pistillate (female) plants coexist within a population
gynomonoecious: Taxa with hermaphrodite flowers and pistillate flowers (producing just female gametes) on the same plant but no staminate (male) flowers.
hermaphrodite: Taxa with flowers that produce both male and female gametes; bisexual
monoecious: Taxa that have both male and female flowers on the same plant, but an individual flower produces only male or female gametes.
polygamous: Taxa with both unisexual and bisexual flowers on the same plant
polygamodioecious: Taxa where some flowers on a plant are hermaphrodite and other are pistillate (female) or staminate (male)
polygamonoecious: Taxa where some plants in a population have hermaphrodite and pistillate (female) flowers and others have hermaphrodite and staminate (male) flowers
trioecious: Taxa where plants in a population have either hermaphroditic (bisexual) flowers, pistillate (female) flowers, or staminate (male) flowers
unknown: inadequate information to assign a sex type

modified_NDVI

label: modified normalized difference vegetation index (modified NDVI)
description: Modified normalized difference vegetation index (modified NDVI), based on Landsat data
number of records: 453
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: dimensionless
allowable range: 0.1 - 1 dimensionless

modulus_of_elasticity_xylem

label: Modulus of elasticity (Young’s modulus)
description: A measure of xylem’s resistance to being deformed elastically (i.e., non-permanently) when a stress is applied to it; definition for measurements on wood (secondary xylem)
number of records: 549
number of studies: 4
type: numeric
units: MPa
allowable range: 10 - 100000 MPa

modulus_of_elasticity_stem

label: A measure of the force required to bend a stem
description: A measure of the force required to bend a stem; This is the modulus of a compound tissue made up of bark and wood (or xylem) and potentially pith; could also be called structural modulus of elasticity
number of records: 222
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: MPa
allowable range: 10 - 100000 MPa

modulus_of_elasticity_bark

label: A measure of the force required to bend bark
description: A measure of the force required to bend bark
number of records: 192
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: MPa
allowable range: 10 - 100000 MPa

modulus_of_rupture

label: Bulk modulus of rupture
description: A measure of the force required to rupture xylem vessels
number of records: 347
number of studies: 3
type: numeric
units: MPa
allowable range: 1 - 10000 MPa

nitrogen_fixing

label: Plant nitrogen fixation capacity
description: Binary variable describing whether or not a plant hosts a nitrogen-fixing bacteria
number of records: 11077
number of studies: 29
type: categorical
allowable values:
0: plant does not exhibit nitrogen-fixation
1: plant does exhibit nitrogen-fixation

N_to_P_ratio

label: Ratio of N to P per unit leaf dry mass
description: Ratio of N to P per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 1583
number of studies: 5
type: numeric
units: g/g
allowable range: 1 - 100 g/g

osmotic_potential

label: Osmotic potential
description: Potential for water to move across a semi-permeable membrane based on solute concentration
number of records: 80
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: MPa
allowable range: -10 - 0 MPa

palisade_cell_length

label: Length of individual palisade cells
description: Length of individual palisade cells
number of records: 59
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: um
allowable range: 10 - 1000 um

lower_palisade_cell_thickness

label: Lower palisade cell thickness
description: Thickness (length) of lower palisade cells
number of records: 62
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: um
allowable range: 10 - 1000 um

upper_palisade_cell_thickness

label: Upper palisade cell thickness
description: Thickness (length) of upper palisade cells
number of records: 95
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: um
allowable range: 10 - 1000 um

palisade_cell_width

label: Width of individual palisade cells
description: Width of individual palisade cells
number of records: 107
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: um
allowable range: 1 - 50 um

palisade_layer_number

label: Number of layers of palisade cells
description: Number of layers of palisade cells
number of records: 60
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: count
allowable range: 1 - 10 count

parasitic

label: Plant’s parasitic status
description: Whether or not a plant is parasitic
number of records: 8003
number of studies: 9
type: categorical
allowable values:
hemi-parasitic: Plant is hemi-parasitic
parasitic: Plant is parasitic
not_parasitic: Plant is not parasitic
root_parasitic: Plant that is a root parasite
stem_parasitic: Plant that is a stem parasite

pendulous_leaves

label: Pendulous leaves
description: Binary variable describing whether or not leaves are pendulous
number of records: 95
number of studies: 1
type: categorical
allowable values:
not_pendulous: leaves are not pendulous
pendulous: leaves are pendulous

photosynthetic_bark

label: Bark photosynthesis
description: Binary variable indicating whether or not bark is photosynthetic
number of records: 62
number of studies: 1
type: categorical
allowable values:
0: bark is not photosynthetic
1: bark is photosynthetic

photosynthetic_pathway

label: Photosynthetic pathway
description: Type of photosynthetic pathway displayed by plants
number of records: 13547
number of studies: 23
type: categorical
allowable values:
c3: Plant using the ‘standard’ photosynthetic pathway, where a 3-carbon compound is produced after the first stage in the photosynthetic pathway
c4: Plants in which the photosynthetic light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle are physically separated to reduce photo respiration
c3-c4: Taxa that shift between c3 and c4 photosynthesis
cam: Plants which display crassulacean acid metabolism
c3-cam: Taxa that shift between c3 and cam photosynthesis
c4-cam: Taxa that shift between c4 and cam photosynthesis
facultative_cam: Species that shifts between C3 and CAM photosynesis depending on water availablility.
unknown: Photosynthetic pathway unknown

photosynthetic_rate_per_area_ambient

label: Leaf photosynthesis rate per unit leaf area
description: Rate at which a plant consumes carbon dioxide through photosynthesis, per unit leaf area
number of records: 198
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: umolCO2/m2/s
allowable range: 0.25 - 50 umolCO2/m2/s

photosynthetic_rate_per_area_maximum

label: Leaf photosynthesis rate per unit leaf area at saturating light and CO2 conditions
description: Rate at which a plant consumes carbon dioxide through photosynthesis at saturating light and CO2 conditions, per unit leaf area
number of records: 1590
number of studies: 8
type: numeric
units: umolCO2/m2/s
allowable range: 0.25 - 85 umolCO2/m2/s

photosynthetic_rate_per_area_saturated

label: Leaf photosynthesis rate per unit leaf area at saturating light conditions
description: Rate at which a plant consumes carbon dioxide through photosynthesis at saturating light conditions but ambient CO2 conditions, per unit leaf area
number of records: 5101
number of studies: 36
type: numeric
units: umolCO2/m2/s
allowable range: 0.01 - 100 umolCO2/m2/s

photosynthetic_rate_per_dry_mass_ambient

label: Leaf photosynthesis rate per unit leaf dry mass
description: Maximum rate at which a plant consumes carbon dioxide through photosynthesis, per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 0
number of studies: 0
type: numeric
units: umolCO2/g/s
allowable range: 0.01 - 1 umolCO2/g/s

photosynthetic_rate_per_dry_mass_maximum

label: Leaf photosynthesis rate per unit leaf dry mass at saturating light and CO2 conditions
description: Maximum rate at which a plant consumes carbon dioxide through photosynthesis at saturating light and CO2 conditions, per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 1377
number of studies: 4
type: numeric
units: umolCO2/g/s
allowable range: 0.01 - 1 umolCO2/g/s

photosynthetic_rate_per_dry_mass_saturated

label: Leaf photosynthesis rate per unit leaf dry mass at saturating light conditions
description: Maximum rate at which a plant consumes carbon dioxide through photosynthesis at saturating light conditions but ambient CO2 conditions, per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 3084
number of studies: 20
type: numeric
units: umolCO2/g/s
allowable range: 0.001 - 1 umolCO2/g/s

physical_defence

label: Physical defences
description: Physical defences
number of records: 291
number of studies: 2
type: categorical
allowable values:
no_physical_defence: Neither spines nor stinging hairs
spines_or_thorns: Plant has spines or thorns
stinging_or_irritant_hairs: Stinging or irritant hairs

plant_growth_form

label: Plant growth form
description: Different growth forms displayed by plants, including both standard plant growth form descriptors (tree, shrub, etc.) and specific plant characteristics (i.e. parasitic)
number of records: 67939
number of studies: 85
type: categorical
allowable values:
aquatic: Grows primarily in water
aquatic_floating: Plant where most of the leaves are floating on water
aquatic_herb: Herb that grows primarily in water
aquatic_submerged: Plant where all the leaves are submerged in water
climber: Plant that climbs up another plant’s trunk, branches, rather than being able to support itself
climber_herb: Herbaceous plant that climbs up another plant
climber_liana: Liana (usually refers to a woody climber)
climber_palm: Palm that climbs up another plant
climber_shrub: Shrubby plant that climbs up another plant
climber_scrambler: Plant that climbs by scrambling
climber_tree: Tree that climbs up another plant
climber_twiner: Climber that ascends by twining (usually will refer to herbaceous climber, but not always)
climber_vine: Vine (usually will refer to herbaceous climber, but not always)
climber_vine_herbaceous: Vine, explicitly referring to herbareous taxa
climber_vine_woody: Vine whose stem is at least partially woody
climber_woody: Woody or thick (>2 cm) climbers with hooks, tendrils, adventitious roots, etc.
creeper: Creeper that roots along stems
cushion: Plant with tightly packed foliage help close to soil surface, with relatively even and rounded canopy boundary; a sub-category of herb in Cornellison, but possibly used for subshrubs as well by some
cycad: Cycad
epiphyte: Plant that grows on top of another plant
epiphyte_herb: Herb that grows on top of another plant
epiphyte_shrub: Shrub that grows on top of another plant
epiphyte_tree: Tree that grows on top of another plant
epiphyte_woody: Woody epiphyte
epiphyte_treelet: Tree that grows on top of another plant
erect_leafy: Plant essentially erect with leaves concentrated in the middle and/or top parts; a sub-category of herb
fern: A group of vascular plants that reproduce via spores
fern_tree: Tree fern
geophyte: A perennial plant with an underground food storage organ, such as a bulb, tuber, corm, or rhizome
graminoid: Herbaceous plants with a grass-like morphology; includes all entries of ‘grass’ and ‘sedge’ that are purely taxonomic descriptions, not indicating explicitly how the grass/sedge grows
graminoid_not_tussock: Herbaceous plants with a non-tussock grass-like morphology
graminoid_not_tussock_tall: Herbaceous plants with a non-tussock grass-like morphology that are more than 1 m in height
graminoid_tussock: Herbaceous plants with a tussock grass-like morphology; see also ‘tussock’
graminoid_tussock_tall: Herbaceous plants with a tussock grass-like morphology that are more than 1 m in height
grass-tree: Term specific refers to members of the family Xanthorrhoaceae, monocots with a tree-like growth-form
hemi-epiphyte: Plant that partially grows on top of another plant
hemi-epiphyte_shrub: Shrub that partially grows on top of another plant
hemi-epiphyte_tree: Tree that partially grows on top of another plant
hemi-parasite: A plant that derives some of its nutritional requirements from another living plant
herb: A seed-bearing plant which does not have a woody stem and dies down to the ground after flowering; when available this term has been divided into more detailed terms
herb_large: An herbaceous plant >0.5 m tall
leafless_shrub_tree: Shrubs and trees with green, non-succulent stems as the main photosynthetic structures
long_basal: Large leaves >0.5 m long emerging from the soil surface; a sub-category of herb
palm: Flowering plants in the family Arecaceae, most with large, compound evergreen leaves referred to as fronds
pandanus: Pandanus
parasite: A plant that derives some or all of its nutritional requirements from another living plant
parasite_woody: A woody plant that derives some or all of its nutritional requirements from another living plant
primitive: includes club moss, selaginella
prostrate: Plant that lies flat against the ground
prostrate_herb: Herbaceous plant that lies flat against the ground
prostrate_shrub: Woody plant that lies flat against the ground
reed: reed or rush; doesn’t specify exact growth form
rosette: Herb where the leaves are concentrated right at the ground surface; also termed ‘flat rosette’
rosette_erect: Rosette of leaves that is no flat on the ground; in Cornellison, this refers to semi-woody plant like a palm, but may have different meanings with some authors
saprophyte: Plant that acquires nutrients from decaying matter
semi_basal: Significant leaf area deployed both close to the soil surface and higher up the plant; a sub-category of herb
subshrub: A dwarf shrub, especially one that is only woody at the base
succulent_short: A plant < 0.5 m tall where some parts are thick and fleshy and usually involved in water storage
succulent_tall: A plant > 0.5 m tall where some parts are thick and fleshy and usually involved in water storage
short_basal: Leaves <0.5 m long concentrated very close to the soil surface (encompasses both prostrate and rosette); a sub-category of herb
shrub: A woody plant that has multiple stems arising at or near ground level
treelet: A woody plant that is intermediate between a shrub and a tree; also a short tree
tree: A tall, woody, perennial plant, usually with a single main trunk
tussock: Plant with many leaves from basal meristem forming prominent tufts

plant_type_by_resource_use

label: Water and salt tolerance and use strategies
description: Plants categories referencing their ability to tolerate/obtain water and/or salt in their environment
number of records: 292
number of studies: 1
type: categorical
allowable values:
hydrohalophyte: Tidal swamp or ‘mangrove’ and coastal lagoon elements and temperate-zone salt-marsh taxa are classed together.
phreatophyte: Deep-rooted plants—usually trees—obtaining water from a deep underground source that may or may not be saline.
psammophile: Sand-loving plants commonly found in littoral strand or inland sandfields
weedy: This inexact term is meant to indicate a high degree of adaptability to sites, and proven tendency toward aggressive colonization of either dry or wet sites, or rarely, both. In general, weeds invade and colonize highly disturbed sites or areas.
xerohalophyte: Plants adapted to inland salt desert and saline habitats
xerophyte: Drought-tolerant and drought-adapted plants

plant_height

label: Plant height
description: Vegetative plant height
number of records: 42039
number of studies: 66
type: numeric
units: m
allowable range: 0.001 - 130 m

plant_width

label: Plant width
description: Width of the plant canopy
number of records: 648
number of studies: 3
type: numeric
units: m
allowable range: 0.001 - 20 m

plant_breadth

label: Plant breadth
description: Breadth of the plant canopy (smaller of two dimensions)
number of records: 0
number of studies: 0
type: numeric
units: m
allowable range: 0.001 - 20 m

ploidy

label: Chromosome ploidy
description: Chromosome ploidy
number of records: 62
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: count
allowable range: 1 - 4 count

pollination_syndrome

label: Pollination syndrome
description: Pollination syndrome
number of records: 9190
number of studies: 6
type: categorical
allowable values:
abiotic: Pollination occurs through wind, water, or collision of free-floating particles
animal: Generic catch-all for any form of animal pollination; change to biotic
bat: Bat-pollinated
bee: Bee-pollinated
beetle: Beetle-pollinated
bird: Bird-pollinated
butterfly: Butterfly-pollinated
fly: Fly-pollinated
insect: Insect-pollinated, type of insect not specified
moth: Moth-pollinated
none: Spore-producing plants
vertebrate: Vertebrate-pollinated, broadly defined
wind: wind-pollinated
pollination_rare: plants mostly reproduce through vegetative spread and flowering is rare

pollination_system

label: Pollination system
description: Pollination system
number of records: 915
number of studies: 1
type: categorical
allowable values:
abiotic: Taxa use nonliving methods such as wind and water for pollen transfer
biotic_unspecialised: Taxa use living methods for pollen transfer, but do not have a specialist pollinator
biotic_specialised: Taxa depend upon a specialist pollinator for pollen transfer
self_pollination: Flowers are self-pollinated or pollinated by another flower on the same plant

regen_strategy

label: Regeneration strategy
description: Different regeneration strategies displayed by plants. Trait values include both generic terms and quite specific ones. See Pausus, Lamont et al. 2018, doi.org/10.1111/nph.14982 for trait values used and detailed desciptions of recolonization ability and level of fire protection provided by each regeneration strategy. This trait includes terminology for storage organs and regeneration strategies following fire. The trait “fire_response” is a binary trait distinguishing between fire-killed and regenerating taxa.
number of records: 10527
number of studies: 19
type: categorical
allowable values:
aboveground: Plants that resprout from an aboveground organ, but the type of organ isn’t specified.
aboveground_caudex: Plant regenerates from above-ground apical meristems. Also termed a caudex. Term refers to palm-like plants with aerial buds that resprout, including grass trees, palms, tree ferns, and pandanus.
aboveground_other: vegetative buds or plant fragments that can disperse and produce new plants (including axillary buds, bulbils and turions)
adventitious_root_buds: Adventitious root buds on main root or lateral roots
apical_buds: Plant resprouts from apical buds.
basal: Plant regenerates from the base of the stem (versus underground). Generally synonymous with “lignotuber”, especially among Australian plants.
basal_stem_buds: Plant resprouts from basal stem buds.
belowground: Plants that resprout from a belowground organ, but the type of organ isn’t specified.
belowground_caudex: Plant regenerates from belowe-ground caudex.
bud-bearing_root: Lateral root that produces vertical suckers, adventitious roots
bulb: Below ground storage organ derived from stem (and sometimes leaf) tissue.
coppice: Shoots regrowing from base of stem following managed cutting to ground level
corm: Below ground storage organ derived from stem tissue.
epicormic: Plants that resprout from epicormic buds; these are buds beneath the bark on stems that survive fire
fleshy_underground_organ: Plants that use fleshy, generally underground organs (swellings) to regenerate; examples include corms, tubers, bulbs, and caudex
lignotuber: Swollen woody structures are located at the transition between the stem base and root crown of woody shrubs, mallees and small trees, and are formed from stem tissues. Buds are located over the entire structure. No colonisation ability.
fire_killed: Plant that is fire-killed and regenerates only by seed. (An obligate re-seeder.)
resprouts: Plant reprouts following fire
resprouts_non_fire_disturbance: Fire-killed plants that have the ability to resprout following a disturbance other than fire
rhizome: Plant has an underground stem; this stem may be woody or non-woody. Rhizomes are both a mechanism for vegetative spread and a strategy to survive fire.
root_crown: Plant that produces a few vertical shoots from the root crown.
root_tuber: Below ground storage organ derived from root tissue.
seed: Plants that regenerate only or primarily by seed. These are mostly fire-killed taxa, but the not always
stem_buds: Plant resprouts from stem buds (separate to epicormic buds)
stem_tuber: Below ground storage organ derived from stem tissue.
stolon: Plants having horizontal branches (stems) from the base of the plant that produce new plants from buds at its tip or nodes
woody_rootstock: Plant that regenerate by resprouting from wood rootstock.
woody_rootstock_or_lignotuber: Plant that regenerates by resprouting from either a woody rootstock or lignotuber.
no_storage_organ: No storage organ present
none: Does not regenerate vegetatively
storage_organ: Storage organ present, but the type is unknown
underground: Plants that resprout from an underground organ, but the type of organ isn’t specified.
unknown: Assume this trait value means it is unknown if a storage organ is present or a plant can regenerate, not that the type is unknown

reproductive_maturity

label: Age of plants at reproductive maturity
description: Age of plants at reproductive maturity, by category. In most studies, ‘reproductive maturity’ refers to the time to first flowering or to first seedset. However, for several big compilations with fire response data, the term ‘reproductive maturity’ instead refers to a seed load or a group of suckers sufficient to replace the adult population. This trait encompasses all records referring to ‘reproductive maturity.’
number of records: 9798
number of studies: 3
type: categorical
allowable values:
<1: Plants reach reproductive maturity before age 1
1-2: Plants reach reproductive maturity between ages 1-2
3-5: Plants reach reproductive maturity between ages 3-5
1-5: Plants reach reproductive maturity between ages 1-5
5-10: Plants reach reproductive maturity between ages 5-10
5-20: Plants reach reproductive maturity between ages 5-20
10-20: Plants reach reproductive maturity between ages 10-20
>20: Plants reach reproductive maturity after age 20
20-40: Plants reach reproductive maturity between ages 20-40

reproductive_maturity_numeric

label: Age of plants at reproductive maturity
description: Age of plants at reproductive maturity, numeric
number of records: 0
number of studies: 0
type: numeric
units: years
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 years

reproductive_maturity_secondary

label: Years required to reach secondary reproductive maturity following disturbance (fire)
description: Number of years post-distiurbance required for species that survive the disturbance to resprout and re-reach reproductive maturity. This trait is most commonly used for species that resprout following fire
number of records: 0
number of studies: 0
type: numeric
units: years
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 years

resorption_leaf_N

label: Nitrogen resorption from leaves
description: Nitrogen resorption from leaves
number of records: 86
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: dimensionless
allowable range: -1.1 - 1 dimensionless

resorption_leaf_P

label: Phosphorus resorption from leaves
description: Phosphorus resorption from leaves
number of records: 90
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: dimensionless
allowable range: -1.1 - 1 dimensionless

resprouting_proportion_individuals

label: Proportion of individuals that resprout
description: Proportion of individuals that resprout following a fire across a population; this trait is generally used in studies looking at resprouting vs. death following a fire
number of records: 260
number of studies: 4
type: numeric
units: dimensionless
allowable range: 0 - 1 dimensionless

resprouting_strength

label: Ratio of stem count post-fire to pre-fire
description: Ratio of stem count post-fire to pre-fire at an individual or population level; this trait is appropriate to use for plants that have many stems from the base (shrubs, herbs, graminoids) where the number of stems before and after fire is censused. It is effectively a continuous measure of resprouting strength conditioned on initial size
number of records: 780
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: dimensionless
allowable range: 0 - 4 dimensionless

root_C_per_dry_mass

label: Root carbon (C) content per unit root dry mass
description: Root carbon (C) content per unit root dry mass
number of records: 61
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 50 - 750 mg/g

root_N_per_dry_mass

label: Root nitrogen (N) content per unit root dry mass
description: Root nitrogen (N) content per unit root dry mass
number of records: 64
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 mg/g

root_delta13C

label: Root carbon (C) isotope signature (delta 13C)
description: Root carbon stable isotope signature
number of records: 61
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: per mille
allowable range: -50 - 0 per mille

root_delta15N

label: Root nitrogen (N) isotope signature (delta 15N)
description: Root nitrogen stable isotope signature
number of records: 60
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: per mille
allowable range: -25 - 75 per mille

root_xylem_delta15N

label: Xylem nitrogen (N) isotope signature (delta 15N) from roots
description: Xylem nitrogen stable isotope signature from roots
number of records: 67
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: per mille
allowable range: -25 - 75 per mille

root_diameter

label: Root diameter
description: Root diameter; should only be used to record the maximum root diameter
number of records: 0
number of studies: 0
type: numeric
units: mm
allowable range: 0.01 - 1000 mm

root_distribution_coefficient

label: Root biomass depth distribution coefficient
description: Root biomass depth distribution coefficient (‘B’ from Gale & Grigal (1987), where high values indicate root biomass allocated deeper in the soil).
number of records: 75
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: dimensionless
allowable range: 0.5 - 1 dimensionless

root_dry_matter_content

label: Root dry mass per unit root fresh mass (Root dry matter content)
description: Root dry mass per unit root fresh mass
number of records: 124
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 10 - 1000 mg/g

root_fine_root_coarse_root_ratio

label: Volume of fine root / Volume of coarse root
description: Volume of fine root (<0.5mm diametre) / Volume of coarse root (>0.5mm diametre)
number of records: 41
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: mm3/mm3
allowable range: 0.05 - 50 mm3/mm3

root_mass_fraction

label: Fraction of plant dry mass comprised of root material
description: Fraction of plant dry mass comprised of root material
number of records: 2103
number of studies: 7
type: numeric
units: mg/mg
allowable range: 0.01 - 1 mg/mg

root_morphology

label: Categorical root descriptions, sense Cannon 1949
description: Categorical root descriptions sensu Cannon 1949, A Tentative Classification of Root Systems, Ecology, doi.org/10.2307/1932458
number of records: 15
number of studies: 1
type: categorical
allowable values:
type_i: The primary root is fibrous or fleshy and is relatively long; mesophytic
type_ii: The primary root is relatively short and is fibrous. Roots are well branched in a dry habitat but branch little in one that is wet.
type_iii: The primary root is usually long and fibrous. The first order lateral roots are well branched and are usually short; they are rather evenly distributed along the primary root; xerophytic
type_iv: The primary root is usually long and slender like that of Type II. The first order lateral roots are well branched. Those closest to the surface of the ground, or not far below, are relatively long; xerophytic and mesophytic
type_v: The primary root is divided-forked or branched-and fibrous, and with few first order lateral roots, or, in age, apparently with none; xerophytic
type_vi: The primary root is usually as in Type V. The first order lateral roots are mostly on the upper portion of the primary root and are thus relatively superficial; xerophytic or in well aerated sandy soil where the rainfall is not light.
type_vii: Adventitious roots that are in one group and arise on a short horizontal, or vertical, axis of the shoot. They are fibrous or fleshly; mesophytic and hydrophytic
type_viii: Adventitious roots that are in one group and are fibrous and fleshy, or fibrous and thick. The fibrous adventitious roots are absorbing-anchoring roots and are usually with laterals to the second order; meophytic
type_ix: Adventitious roots that arise on the aerial stem and branches of some herbaceous taxa, shrubs, and trees; on creepers, vines, and runners; and on subterranean rhizomes and stolons

root_shoot_ratio

label: Root to shoot ratio (dry mass)
description: Ratio of root dry mass to shoot dry mass
number of records: 2116
number of studies: 8
type: numeric
units: mg_root/mg_shoot
allowable range: 0.01 - 15 mg_root/mg_shoot

root_structure

label: Root structure
description: Specific specialized types of root structures and root symbioses. https://www.mycorrhizas.info/ provides detailed information for types of mycorrhizal associations.
number of records: 3152
number of studies: 14
type: categorical
allowable values:
arbuscular_mycorrhizal: Symbiosis in which the mycorrhizal fungi does penetrate the cortex cells of the plant roots and its hyphae form arbuscules and vesicles inside the plant root; endomycorrhizal, AM, VAM
carnivorous: non-mycorrhizal carnivorous root
cluster_roots: cluster roots in non-proteoid taxa
coiling_vam: Associations that spread predominantly by intracellular hyphal coils within roots
dauciform_root: A type of cluster root found in the family Cyperaceae
ectomycorrhizal: Symbiosis in which the mycorrhizal fungi does not penetrate the cortex cells of the plant roots
ericoid_mycorrhizal: A form of arbuscular mycorrhizal relationship only found on plants in the order Ericales. The fungi’s hyphae penetrate the plant root but do not form arbuscules
fine_roots: Particularly fine roots for nutrient uptake
haustorium: highly modified stem or root of a parasitic plant, such as mistletoe , or a specialized branch or tube originating from a hairlike filament (hypha) of a fungus. The haustorium penetrates the tissues of a host and absorbs nutrients and water.
hemiparasitic_root: Partially parasitic root
long_root_hairs: Specialised long root hairs
mycorrhizal: Mycorrhizal, type not specified
non_mycorrhizal: Plants lacking a mycorrhizal symbiont
orchid_mycorrhizal: A mycorrhizal relationship specific to orchid taxa, and for most orchids, essential for seedlings to establish
parasitic_root: Parasitic root
proteoid_root: Also known as cluster roots, are plant roots that form clusters of closely spaced short lateral rootlets and aid in nutrient upake in nutrient-poor soils; common in members of the family Proteaceae, but present in other families as well
root_hairs: Specialised root hairs
sand-binding: Persistent sheaths of sand that form around the roots of taxa in the families Restionaceae, Cyperaceae, Haemodoraceae, and Lomandraceae in western Australia. Assumed to function in nutrient uptake.
subepidermal_mycorrhizal: Mycorrhizae where hyphae grow in a cavity under epidermal cells. Only in the genus Thysanotus (family Laxmaniaceae).
unknown: root structures unknown

root_wood_density

label: Root wood density
description: Root wood dry mass per unit root wood fresh volume
number of records: 199
number of studies: 3
type: numeric
units: mg/mm3
allowable range: 0.05 - 10 mg/mm3

salt_tolerance

label: Salt tolerance strategies
description: Salt-tolerance categories; Also see ‘soil_salinity_tolerance’ for studies reporting actual soil salinity levels taxa can tolerate. Kew data on salt tolerance included in ‘water_tolerance’ trait
number of records: 7798
number of studies: 2
type: categorical
allowable values:
glycophyte: Plants that cannot survive even one tenth the salt concentration found in seawater
halophyte: Plants that complete their life cycle in a salty environment; many survive in seawater or even higher concentrations of salt
halophyte_moderate: Plant that is moderately tolerant of soil salinity/sodicity
hydrohalophyte: Tidal swamp or ‘mangrove’ and coastal lagoon elements and temperate-zone salt-marsh taxa are classed together.
salt_spray_tolerant: Plant that is tolerant of salt spray (typically inhabiting near-coastal environments)
salinity_tolerance_undefined: Plants ability to tolerate salt is unknown
xerohalophyte: Plants adapted to inland salt desert and saline habitats

sapwood_specific_conductivity

label: Sapwood specific conductivity (Ks)
description: Ks; Describes the flow rate of water (kg/s) along a stem for a given drop in pressure (1/MPa), normalised to the length of the segment (1/m). Calculated as hydraulic conductivity divided by the sapwood cross-sectional area where the measurement is taken.
number of records: 382
number of studies: 6
type: numeric
units: kg/m/s/MPa
allowable range: 0.01 - 500 kg/m/s/MPa

sapwood_specific_conductivity_theoretical

label: Theoretical sapwood specific conductivity (Ks)
description: Theoretical Ks or Kp; Describes the theoretical flow rate of water (kg/s) along a stem for a given drop in pressure (1/MPa). Calculated as theoretical Kh, calculated based on Hagen-Poiseuille’s law, divided by the microscopically determined cross-sectional area without bark and pit.
number of records: 346
number of studies: 5
type: numeric
units: kg/m/s/MPa
allowable range: 0.05 - 5000 kg/m/s/MPa

transverse_branch_area_specific_conductivity

label: Sapwood specific conductivity (Ks)
description: Describes the flow rate of water (kg/s) along a stem for a given drop in pressure (1/MPa), normalised to the length of the segment (1/m). Calculated as hydraulic conductivity divided by the transverse branch area where the measurement is taken.
number of records: 112
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: kg/m/s/MPa
allowable range: 0.01 - 500 kg/m/s/MPa

seed_breadth

label: Seed breadth
description: Shorter width axis of a seed; orthogonal to its length
number of records: 3867
number of studies: 14
type: numeric
units: mm
allowable range: 0.01 - 100 mm

seed_count

label: Seed count
description: Number of seeds produced by a plant
number of records: 0
number of studies: 0
type: numeric
units: n
allowable range: 0 - 1e+05 n

seed_length

label: Seed length
description: Longest seed dimension
number of records: 20795
number of studies: 33
type: numeric
units: mm
allowable range: 0.01 - 1000 mm

seed_mass

label: Seed dry mass
description: Seed dry mass
number of records: 40362
number of studies: 49
type: numeric
units: mg
allowable range: 1e-05 - 1e+06 mg

seed_mass_reserve

label: Seed dry mass reserve
description: Energy reserves stored in seeds that are mobilized at the time of germination; on a carbon dry mass basis
number of records: 104
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: mg
allowable range: 1e-04 - 1000 mg

seed_oil_content

label: Seed oil content
description: Seed oil content as a fraction of total seed weight, usually on a dry weight basis
number of records: 327
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: g/g
allowable range: 1e-04 - 1 g/g

seed_N_concentration

label: Seed nitrgeon concentration
description: Seed nitrogen (N) content per unit seed mass
number of records: 43
number of studies: 5
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 10 - 1000 mg/g

seed_K_concentration

label: Seed potassium concentration
description: Seed potassium (K) content per unit seed mass
number of records: 43
number of studies: 5
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 1 - 100 mg/g

seed_Mg_concentration

label: Seed magnesium concentration
description: Seed magnesium (Mg) content per unit seed mass
number of records: 23
number of studies: 4
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 mg/g

seed_S_concentration

label: Seed sulphur concentration
description: Seed sulphur (S) content per unit seed mass
number of records: 19
number of studies: 3
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 mg/g

seed_Ca_concentration

label: Seed calcium concentration
description: Seed calcium (Ca) content per unit seed mass
number of records: 23
number of studies: 4
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 1 - 100 mg/g

seed_P_concentration

label: Seed phosphorus concentration
description: Seed phosphorus (P) content per unit seed mass
number of records: 115
number of studies: 7
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 1 - 100 mg/g

seed_protein_content

label: Seed protein content
description: Seed protein content as a fraction of total seed weight
number of records: 154
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: g/g
allowable range: 1e-05 - 1 g/g

seed_shape

label: Seed shape
description: Possible seed shapes. Note that some terms currently used refer to 2-dimensional shapes, not 3-dimensional shapes.
number of records: 2978
number of studies: 8
type: categorical
allowable values:
angular: Doesn’t refer to a specific shape, but simply that instead of being smoothly rounded, it is angular
broadly_ellipsoid: Like ellipsoid, but broader
broadly_obovoid: A 3-dimensional shape; like obovoid, but particularly broad in the middle
circular: Both width dimensions are similar; rounded; REPLACE WITH ‘globoid’ - maybe
comma_shaped: Seed shaped liked a comma; see also ‘falcate’
compressed: Seed flatter
compressed_cylinder: Like cylinder, but a flatter 3-dimensional shape
compressed_ellipsoid: Like ellipsoid, but a flatter 3-dimensional shape
compressed_globoid: Like globoid, but a flatter 3-dimensional shape
compressed_lachrimiform: Like lachrimiform, but a flatter 3-dimensional shape
compressed_obovoid: Like obovoid, but a flatter 3-dimensional shape
compressed_ovoid: Like ovoid, but a flatter 3-dimensional shape
compressed_sectoroid: Like sectoroid, but a flatter 3-dimensional shape
conical: Shaped like a cone; the opposite of turbinate
cordiform: Heart-shaped
cylindrical: A 3-dimensional shape; shaped like a cylinder; see also ‘terete’ which refers to particular thin cylindrical shape; should maybe be cylinder?
discoid: Resembling a disc, with two convex faces; similar to plano-convex and lenticular, flatter
discoid_two_lobed: Resembling a disc, but with two lobes
ellipsoid: A 3-dimensional shape; elliptic in outline and with a length:breadth ratio between 3:2 and 2:1
elongated_lachrimiform: Like lachrimiform, but extended along the longest axis
elongated_ovoid: Like ovoid, but extended along the longest axis
elongated_pyramidal: Like pyramidal, but extended along the longest axis
elongated_reniform: Like reniform, but extended along the longest axis
elongated_sectoroid: Like sectoroid, but extended along the longest axis
falcate: Sickle-shaped; see also ‘comma-shaped’
flat: Suggests a quite flattened seed, but no information about shape
fusiform: Spindle-shaped, cigar-shaped, circular in cross-section and tapering at both ends
globoid: Globe-shaped; includes ‘globular’ and ‘globose’
inflated_pyramidal: Like pyramidal, but inflated
inflated_trigonal_pyramidal: Like trigonal_pyramidal, but inflated
irregular: Irregular shape
irregular_lachrimiform: Like lachrimiform, but somewhat irregular
irregular_ovoid: Like ovoid, but somewhat irregular
lachrimiform: A 3-dimensional shape; tear-shaped
lanceolate: A 2-dimensional shape; much longer than wide, with the widest point below the middle; in reference to a seed, assume a rounded 2-D shape; REPLACE WITH OVOID
lenticular: A 3-dimensional shape; shaped like a biconvex lens. Similar to plano-convex??
muricate: has numerous short hard outgrowths
obclavate: A 2 or 3-dimensional shape; slender, broadening towards the base; club-shaped, with the thickened part at the base
obloid: A 3-dimensional shape, where the length is a few times greater than the width, with sides almost parallel and ends rounded.
obovoid: A 3-dimensional shape; similar to ovoid, but attached at the narrower end and with a length:breadth ratio between 3:2 and 2:1
orbicular: Fairly flat, but round in 2-dimensional outline; see also compressed_globoid
ovoid: Egg-shaped (i.e., widest below the middle)
pointed_ovoid: Like ovoid, but with one pointier end
pointed_samara: A type of fruit in which a flattened wing of fibrous, papery tissue develops from the ovary wall; variant that is more pointed; not truly a shape
pyramidal: Pyramid; cross-section unknown
pyriform: A 3-dimensional shape; resembling a pear, attached at the broader end
rectangular: REPLACE WITH ‘rectangular_prism’
rectangular_prism: Prism that is rectangular in cross=section
reniform: Having a circular or roughly circular shape with a notch, like a kidney
rhomboid: Diamond shaped in outline with the broadest axis in the middle and with a length:breadth ratio between 3:2 and 2:1
round: Seed with round outline; seems to be a subcategory of samara
rounded_samara: A type of fruit in which a flattened wing of fibrous, papery tissue develops from the ovary wall; variant that is rounder; not truly a shape
samara: A type of fruit in which a flattened wing of fibrous, papery tissue develops from the ovary wall; not truly a shape
sectoroid: Shaped like an orange segment
semigloboid: Semi-circular in cross-section
sinusoidal: S-shaped; includes ‘sigmoidal’
spathulate: Spoon-shaped
spherical: A 3-dimensional shape; round with all dimensions approximately equal
spheroid: A 3-dimensional shape; nearly, but imperfectly spherical
square_prism: Prism that is square in cross=section
square_pyramidal: Pyramid that is square in cross-section
subcylindrical: Nearly or almost cylindrical in shape
subgloboid: Nearly or almost globoid or spheroid in shape
suborbicular: Nearly or almost orbicular in shape
subtriangular: Nearly or almost ‘trigonal_prism’ in shape
terete: Circular in cross-section; more or less cylindrical without grooves or ridges
triangular: subset of samara possibly; 3-d structure should be trigonal_prism or trigonal_pyramidal
trigonal_prism: Prism that is triangular in cross-section
trigonal_pyramidal: Pyramid that is triangular in cross-section
turbinate: A 3-dimensional shape; top shaped; inversely conical
wedge_shaped: A 2 or 3-dimensional shape; tapers to a point at one end; includes the 2-D classificatiion “cuneate” and possibly plants that are more conical in outline

seed_texture

label: Seed texture
description: Texture of a seed
number of records: 960
number of studies: 1
type: categorical
allowable values:
acutely_reticulate: UNKNOWN
bumpy: UNKNOWN
chartaceous: UNKNOWN
ciliate: UNKNOWN
costate: seed surface with a thickened linear ridge
deeply_reticulate: UNKNOWN
deeply_rugose: seed surface deeply wrinkled
dimpled: UNKNOWN
finely_reticulate: UNKNOWN
finely_rugose: seed surface finely wrinkled
finely_textured: seed surface with a fine-scaled pattern
fluted: UNKNOWN
hairs: seed surface hairy
lineolate: UNKNOWN
micronate-tubercular: UNKNOWN
multi-faceted: UNKNOWN
papillate: UNKNOWN
papillose: seed surface covered with short blunt protruberances
pitted: seed surface pitted
plumose: UNKNOWN
raised_edge: UNKNOWN
reticulate: UNKNOWN
ribbed: UNKNOWN
rough: seed surface rough
rugose: wrinkled
scabrous: rough (synonym seed)
scalar: UNKNOWN
scaly: UNKNOWN
shallowly_costate: seed surface with a shallow linear ridge
shallowly_pitted: seed surface with shallow pits
shallowly_reticulate: seed surface resembles a shallow net or network
shallowly_rugose: seed surface with shallow wrinkles
slightly_rugose: seed surface slightly wrinkled
smooth: seed surface smooth
stellate: seed surface covered with hairs with radiating papillae
striate: seed surface marked with more or less parallel longitudinal ridges
tomentose: seed surface covered with densely matted woolly hairs
tuberculate: seed surface covered with small rounded warts, protuberances or nodules
undulate: seed surface wavy
velutinous: seed surface covered with short, dense, silky, upright hairs; soft and velvety
very_rough: seed surface very rough

seed_viability

label: Seed viability
description: Proportion of seeds that are viable
number of records: 145
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: n/n
allowable range: 0 - 1 n/n

seed_volume

label: Seed volume
description: Volume of a seed
number of records: 516
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: mm3
allowable range: 0.001 - 1e+05 mm3

seed_width

label: Seed width
description: Longest width dimension of a seed; orthogonal to the length
number of records: 11986
number of studies: 27
type: numeric
units: mm
allowable range: 0.01 - 100 mm

soil_seedbank

label: Seeds present in soil seedbank
description: Binary variable indicating if seeds present in soil seedbank; see also ‘seed_longevity’, ‘seed_storage_location’, ‘canopy_seedbank’, and ‘serotiny’
number of records: 522
number of studies: 4
type: categorical
allowable values:
0: Seeds not present in soil seedbank
1: Seeds present in soil seedbank

seed_storage_location

label: Location where seeds are stored at maturity
description: Location where seeds are stored at maturity; see also ‘seed_longevity’, ‘soil_seedbank’, ‘canopy_seedbank’, and ‘serotiny’
number of records: 1928
number of studies: 2
type: categorical
allowable values:
canopy: Seeds stored in the canopy, usually still within a woody cone
soil: Seeds stored in the soil
none: Seeds are not stored
not_canopy: Seed explicitly not stored in the canopy; other storage locations unknown

seed_longevity

label: Seed longevity
description: Seed longevity
number of records: 9442
number of studies: 3
type: categorical
allowable values:
short-lived: Seedbank survives for weeks
intermediate: Seedbank survives for months to less than a year
long-lived: Seedbank survives for more than 10 years
short_lived_in_soil: Propagule is short-lived in soil
short_persistent_in_soil: Propagule is persistent in soil 1 to 5 years
short_persistent_in_soil_b: Propagule is persistent in soil for less than 2 years
long_persistent_in_soil: Propagule is persistent in soil for more than 5 years
long_persistent_in_soil_b: Propagule is persistent in soil for more than 2 years
persistent_in_canopy: Propagule persistent in canopy for unspecified length of time
persistent_in_soil: Propagule persistent in soil for unspecified length of time
short_persistent_in_canopy: Propagule persistent in canopy for 1 to 5 years
long_persistent_in_canopy: Propagule persistent in canopy for more than 5 years
persistent: Propagule persistent, location not specified
transient: Propagule transient, location not specified
transient_in_canopy: Propagule transient in canopy
transient_in_soil: Propagule transient in soil
widely_dispersed: Seed longevity not important, as seeds are widely dispersed and always available for germination

seed_release

label: Serotiny
description: When a fruit or cone only releases its seeds following an environmental trigger, often fire; ; see also ‘seed_longevity’, ‘seed_storage_location’, ‘soil_seedbank’, ‘canopy_seedbank’, and ‘serotiny’
number of records: 7935
number of studies: 1
type: categorical
allowable values:
serotinous: Plant releases its seeds following an environmental trigger (usually fire)
mature_en_mass: Seeds released en masse when mature (eg annually)
gradual_release: Seeds maturing and released gradually from parent

serotiny

label: Serotiny
description: Categorical variable describing whether a fruit or cone only releases its seeds following an environmental trigger, often fire
number of records: 1048
number of studies: 8
type: categorical
allowable values:
not_serotinous: Plant does not display serotiny
serotinous: Plant serotinous, level not specified
serotiny_low: Plant displays a low level of serotiny
serotiny_moderate: Plant displays a moderate level of serotiny
serotiny_high: Plant displays a high level of serotiny

seedling_first_leaf

label: First leaf style
description: Binary variable distinguishing between seedlings where the first leaf is scale-like (cataphyll) versus leaf-like.
number of records: 938
number of studies: 1
type: categorical
allowable values:
scale-like: When the first leaf at germination is scale-like, also referred to as a cataphyll
leaf-like: When the first leaf at germination is leaf-like

seedling_first_node

label: Leaf count at first node
description: Binary variable distinguishing between seedlings where the leaves at the first node are single versus paired.
number of records: 838
number of studies: 1
type: categorical
allowable values:
single: When there is a single leaf at the first node
paired: When there is a pair of leaves at the first node

senesced_leaf_Al_per_dry_mass

label: Senesced leaf aluminium (Al) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Senesced leaf aluminium (Al) content per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 10
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.01 - 10 mg/g

senesced_leaf_B_per_dry_mass

label: Senesced leaf boron (B) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Senesced leaf boron (B) content per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 10
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.001 - 10 mg/g

senesced_leaf_C_per_dry_mass

label: Senesced leaf carbon (C) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Senesced leaf carbon (C) content per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 54
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: %
allowable range: 10 - 100 %

senesced_leaf_Ca_per_dry_mass

label: Senesced leaf calcium (Ca) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Senesced leaf calcium (Ca) content per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 267
number of studies: 3
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.01 - 1000 mg/g

senesced_leaf_Cu_per_dry_mass

label: Senesced leaf copper (Cu) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Senesced leaf copper (Cu) content per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 264
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: mg/kg
allowable range: 0.01 - 100 mg/kg

senesced_leaf_Fe_per_dry_mass

label: Senesced leaf iron (Fe) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Senesced leaf iron (Fe) content per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 264
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: mg/kg
allowable range: 1 - 10000 mg/kg

senesced_leaf_K_per_dry_mass

label: Senesced leaf potassium (K) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Senesced leaf potassium (K) content per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 267
number of studies: 3
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 mg/g

senesced_leaf_Mg_per_dry_mass

label: Senesced leaf magnesium (Mg) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Senesced leaf magnesium (Mg) content per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 267
number of studies: 3
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.01 - 100 mg/g

senesced_leaf_Mn_per_dry_mass

label: Senesced leaf manganese (Mn) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Senesced leaf manganese (Mn) content per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 264
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: mg/kg
allowable range: 1 - 10000 mg/kg

senesced_leaf_Mo_per_dry_mass

label: Senesced leaf molybdenum (Mo) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Senesced leaf molybdenum (Mo) content per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 176
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: mg/kg
allowable range: 0 - 30 mg/kg

senesced_leaf_N_per_dry_mass

label: Senesced leaf nitrogen (N) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Senesced leaf nitrogen (N) content per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 543
number of studies: 8
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 1 - 100 mg/g

senesced_leaf_Na_per_dry_mass

label: Senesced leaf sodium (Na) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Senesced leaf sodium (Na) content per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 10
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: mg/kg
allowable range: 100 - 20000 mg/kg

senesced_leaf_Ni_per_dry_mass

label: Senesced leaf nickel (Ni) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Senesced leaf nickel (Ni) content per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 0
number of studies: 0
type: numeric
units: mg/kg
allowable range: 10 - 1e+05 mg/kg

senesced_leaf_P_per_dry_mass

label: Senesced leaf phosphorus (P) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Senesced leaf phosphorus (P) content per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 554
number of studies: 8
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.005 - 15 mg/g

senesced_leaf_S_per_dry_mass

label: Senesced leaf sulphur (S) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Senesced leaf sulphur (S) content per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 264
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: mg/kg
allowable range: 100 - 50000 mg/kg

senesced_leaf_Zn_per_dry_mass

label: Senesced leaf zinc (Zn) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Senesced leaf zinc (Zn) content per unit leaf dry mass
number of records: 264
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: mg/kg
allowable range: 0 - 100 mg/kg

snow_tolerance

label: Snow tolerance
description: Description of a taxon’s tolerance to snow cover
number of records: 7919
number of studies: 1
type: categorical
allowable values:
not_applicable: Taxa is virtually never confronted with snow in nature and the response is unknown
intolerant: Taxa is frost tender and known to be killed by any snow
days: Taxa can tolerate snow for days (typically less than 1 week)
weeks: Taxa can tolerate snow for weeks (typically less than 1 month)
months: Taxa can tolerate snow for months

soil_salinity_tolerance

label: Salt tolerance
description: Maximum salinity tolerated by a taxon, reported as the conductivity of the soil
number of records: 99
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: dS/m
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 dS/m

soluable_protein_per_area

label: Soluble protein per leaf area
description: Mass of soluble protein per leaf area
number of records: 66
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: g/m2
allowable range: 0.1 - 20 g/m2

insoluable_protein_per_area

label: Insoluble protein per leaf area
description: Mass of insoluble protein per leaf area
number of records: 30
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: g/m2
allowable range: 0.1 - 20 g/m2

leaf_total_non-structural_carbohydrates_per_area

label: Total non-structural carbohydrates per leaf area
description: Total non-structural carbohydrates per leaf area
number of records: 22
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: g/m2
allowable range: 0.1 - 50 g/m2

leaf_total_non-structural_carbohydrates_per_mass

label: Total non-structural carbohydrates per leaf mass
description: Total non-structural carbohydrates per leaf mass
number of records: 22
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 10 - 200 mg/g

soluable_starch_per_area

label: Soluble starch per leaf area
description: Mass of soluble starch per leaf area
number of records: 83
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: g/m2
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 g/m2

soluable_sugars_per_area

label: Soluble sugars per leaf area
description: Mass of soluble sugars per leaf area
number of records: 112
number of studies: 3
type: numeric
units: g/m2
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 g/m2

leaf_soluable_starch_per_mass

label: Soluble starch per leaf mass
description: Mass of soluble starch per leaf mass
number of records: 87
number of studies: 3
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.1 - 200 mg/g

leaf_soluable_sugars_per_mass

label: Soluble sugars per leaf mass
description: Mass of soluble sugars per leaf mass
number of records: 43
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 1 - 200 mg/g

stem_soluable_starch_per_mass

label: Soluble starch per stem mass
description: Mass of soluble starch per stem mass
number of records: 43
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 mg/g

stem_soluable_sugars_per_mass

label: Soluble sugars per stem mass
description: Mass of soluble sugars per stem mass
number of records: 43
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 1 - 200 mg/g

root_soluable_starch_per_mass

label: Soluble starch per root mass
description: Mass of soluble starch per root mass
number of records: 43
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 mg/g

root_soluable_sugars_per_mass

label: Soluble sugars per root mass
description: Mass of soluble sugars per root mass
number of records: 43
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 1 - 200 mg/g

specific_leaf_area

label: Leaf area per unit leaf dry mass (specific leaf area, SLA)
description: Leaf area per unit leaf dry mass; SLA
number of records: 32691
number of studies: 130
type: numeric
units: mm2/mg
allowable range: 0.1 - 500 mm2/mg

specific_root_area

label: Root area per unit root dry mass (specific root area)
description: Root area per unit root dry mass
number of records: 102
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: mm2/mg
allowable range: 0.001 - 1 mm2/mg

specific_root_length

label: Root length per unit root dry mass (specific root length, SRL)
description: Root length per unit root dry mass; SRL
number of records: 201
number of studies: 4
type: numeric
units: m/g
allowable range: 0.5 - 5000 m/g

specific_taproot_length

label: Taproot length per unit root dry mass (specific tap root length, STRL)
description: Taproot length per unit root dry mass. This trait measures the efficiency of taproot length per unit mass during the very early stage of growth when seedlings need to reach reliable water.
number of records: 188
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: m/g
allowable range: 0.5 - 5000 m/g

spinescence

label: Spinescence
description: Degree to which a plant is defended by spines, thorns and/or prickles; definition and trait values based on Perez-Harguindeguy 2016.
number of records: 8986
number of studies: 3
type: categorical
allowable values:
0_no_spines: (0) No spines.
1_low_density_soft_spines: (1) Low or very local density of soft spines <5mm long; plant may sting or prickle when hit carelessly, but not impart strong pain.
2_high_density_soft_spines: (2) High density of soft spines, intermediate density of spines of intermediate hardness, or low density of hard, sharp spines >5mm long; plant causes actual pain when hit carelessly.
3_high_density_hard_spines_to_5mm: (3) Intermediate or high density of hard, sharp spines >5mm long; plant causes strong pain when hit carelessly.
4_high_density_hard_spines_to_20mm: (4) Intermediate or high density of hard, sharp spines >20mm long; plant may cause significant wounds when hit carelessly.
5_high_density_hard_spines_to_100mm: (5) Intermediate or high density of hard, sharp spines >100mm long; plant is dangerous to careless large mammals, including humans.
spines_present: spines present, details not given

spongy_mesophyll_thickness

label: Spongy mesophyll cell thickness
description: Thickness of the spongy mesophyll cells
number of records: 75
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: um
allowable range: 10 - 1000 um

starch_per_area

label: Starch per leaf area
description: Mass of starch per leaf area
number of records: 30
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: g/m2
allowable range: 0.1 - 50 g/m2

stem_C_per_dry_mass

label: Stem carbon (C) content per unit stem dry mass
description: Stem carbon (C) content per unit stem dry mass
number of records: 82
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 100 - 1000 mg/g

stem_count_categorical

label: Stem Count, categorical
description: Number of stems present, expressed in groups, where categories were 1=1; 2-3=2; 4-10=3; 11-30=4; and >30=5. Used by Peter Vesk.
number of records: 140
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: count
allowable range: 0 - 5 count

stem_cross_section_area

label: Stem cross-sectional area
description: Cross-sectional area of the stem
number of records: 0
number of studies: 0
type: numeric
units: mm2
allowable range: 1 - 1000 mm2

stem_cross_section_area_no_bark

label: Stem cross-sectional area without bark
description: Cross-sectional area of the stem once bark is removed
number of records: 0
number of studies: 0
type: numeric
units: mm2
allowable range: 1 - 1000 mm2

stem_dry_matter_content

label: Stem dry mass per unit stem fresh mass (Stem dry matter content)
description: Stem dry mass per unit stem fresh mass
number of records: 390
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 100 - 1000 mg/g

stem_hydraulic_conductivity

label: Hydraulic conductivity (Kh)
description: Kh; Measure of how efficiently water is transported through the leaf, determined as the ratio of water flow rate through the leaf to the difference in water potential across the leaf, standardised to leaf area; units same as mg*m/s/MPa
number of records: 261
number of studies: 5
type: numeric
units: 10^6 x kg*m/s/MPa
allowable range: 0.01 - 2000 10^6 x kg*m/s/MPa

stem_mass_fraction

label: Stem mass fraction
description: Ratio of stem dry mass to total plant dry mass
number of records: 1216
number of studies: 4
type: numeric
units: g/g
allowable range: 0.01 - 1 g/g

stem_N_per_dry_mass

label: Stem nitrogen (N) content per unit stem dry mass
description: Stem nitrogen (N) content per unit stem dry mass
number of records: 82
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.1 - 1000 mg/g

basal_diameter

label: Stem diameter
description: Diameter at the base of the plant, usually “DBH” except in short plants; only “maximum” values are included
number of records: 401
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: mm
allowable range: 0.01 - 5000 mm

stomatal_resistance_conductance_ambient

label: Leaf resistance conductance under ambient conditions
description: Leaf stomatal resistance under ambient conditions. This is the original way leaf stomatal conductance was measured and reported and is still regularly used in environmental models and meteorology. An equation converts between resistance conductance and the molar values obtained through gas exchange readings (“Plants and Microclimate” by H.G. Jones (1992), page 55 and Appendix 3; “Elevated Carbon Dioxide Impacts on Soil and Plant Water Relations” by M.B. Kirkham (2011), page 149).
number of records: 148
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: cm/s
allowable range: 1e-04 - 10 cm/s

stomatal_conductance_per_area_ambient

label: Stomatal conductance per unit leaf area under ambient conditions
description: Rate of water loss through stomata under ambient conditions, per unit leaf area
number of records: 365
number of studies: 4
type: numeric
units: mmolH2O/m2/s
allowable range: 0.1 - 2000 mmolH2O/m2/s

stomatal_conductance_per_area_at_Amax

label: Stomatal conductance per unit leaf area under saturated light and CO2 conditions
description: Rate of water loss through stomata, per unit leaf area under saturated light and CO2 conditions
number of records: 1386
number of studies: 6
type: numeric
units: mmolH2O/m2/s
allowable range: 0.1 - 2000 mmolH2O/m2/s

stomatal_conductance_per_area_at_Asat

label: Stomatal conductance per unit leaf area under saturated light conditions
description: Rate of water loss through stomata, per unit leaf area under saturated light conditions
number of records: 4415
number of studies: 28
type: numeric
units: mmolH2O/m2/s
allowable range: 0.1 - 2000 mmolH2O/m2/s

stomatal_density_abaxial

label: Stomatal density on the lower leaf surface
description: Stomatal density on the lower leaf surface
number of records: 252
number of studies: 4
type: numeric
units: count/mm2
allowable range: 1 - 1000 count/mm2

stomatal_density_adaxial

label: Stomatal density on the upper leaf surface
description: Stomatal density on the upper leaf surface
number of records: 141
number of studies: 3
type: numeric
units: count/mm2
allowable range: 0 - 1000 count/mm2

stomatal_density_average

label: Stomatal density averaged across both leaf surfaces
description: Stomatal density averaged across both leaf surfaces
number of records: 105
number of studies: 4
type: numeric
units: count/mm2
allowable range: 0 - 1000 count/mm2

stomatal_distribution

label: Stomatal distribution
description: Distribution of stomatal across the two leaf surfaces
number of records: 390
number of studies: 1
type: categorical
allowable values:
amphistomatic: Leaves with stomata on both leaf surfaces
amphistomatic_uneven: Leaves with stomata on both leaf surfaces, but more stomata on the lower leaf surface
hypostomatic: Leaves that only have stomata on the lower (abaxial) leaf surface

stomatal_hairs

label: Whether or not stomata are covered by hairs
description: Binary variable describing whether or not stomata are covered by dense hairs
number of records: 0
number of studies: 0
type: categorical
allowable values:
stomata_covered_with_dense_hairs: Stomata densely covered by dense hairs
stomata_not_covered_by_hairs: Stomata not hair-covered

support_fraction

label: Fraction of shoot dry mass that is stems (versus leaves)
description: Fraction of shoot dry mass that is stems (versus leaves)
number of records: 588
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: g/g
allowable range: 0 - 1 g/g

tap_root

label: Tap root
description: Binary variable describing whether or not a plant has a tap root
number of records: 67
number of studies: 1
type: categorical
allowable values:
tap_root_absent: tap root not present
tap_root_present: tap root present
tap_root_sometimes_present: tap root sometimes present

thickest_root_diameter

label: Thickest root diameter
description: Diameter of the thickest root
number of records: 264
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: mm
allowable range: 0.01 - 1000 mm

twig_area

label: Terminal twig cross-sectional area
description: Cross-sectional area of the terminal twig
number of records: 58
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: mm2
allowable range: 0.05 - 50 mm2

twig_length

label: Terminal twig length
description: Length of the terminal twig
number of records: 33
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: mm
allowable range: 1 - 1000 mm

vapor_pressure_deficit

label: Vapor pressure deficit
description: Vapor pressure deficit across the leaf surface
number of records: 0
number of studies: 0
type: numeric
units: kPa
allowable range: 0 - 5 kPa

vegetative_regeneration

label: Ability to regenerate and spread through the growth and division of vegetative material.
description: Ability to regenerate and spread through the growth and division of vegetative material. Although most taxa displaying vegetative spread resprout following fire, this trait is not explicitly about fire response; traits better suited to capture a taxon’s response to fire are “fire_response”, “fire_response_detailed”, and “regen_strategy”
number of records: 9989
number of studies: 8
type: categorical
allowable values:
not_vegetative: Plant that regenerate and spread only by seed
vegetative: Generic term including all plants that can regenerate and spread through the growth and division of vegetative material, not just from seed; examples include runners, rhizomes, and bulbs

vessel_diameter

label: Diameter of xylem vessels in stems
description: Diameter of xylem vessels in stems
number of records: 741
number of studies: 9
type: numeric
units: um
allowable range: 1 - 1000 um

vessel_diameter_leaves

label: Diameter of xylem vessels in leaves
description: Diameter of xylem vessels in leaves
number of records: 160
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: um
allowable range: 1 - 250 um

vessel_diameter_hydraulic

label: Hydraulic mean diameter of xylem vessels
description: Hydraulic diameter (hydraulically weighted diameter) is based on the equivalent circle diameter D and has been introduced to reflect the actual conductance of conduits. Based on the Hagen–Poiseuille law, a few large conduits may transport an equal amount of water as many small ones.
number of records: 578
number of studies: 6
type: numeric
units: um
allowable range: 1 - 500 um

vessel_density

label: Count of vessels per area in stems
description: Count of vessels per area in stems
number of records: 616
number of studies: 7
type: numeric
units: count/mm2
allowable range: 0.4 - 2000 count/mm2

vessel_density_leaves

label: Count of vessels per area in leaves
description: Count of vessels per area in leaves
number of records: 151
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: count/mm2
allowable range: 1 - 50000 count/mm2

vessel_lumen_fraction

label: Fraction of xylem vessels comprised of lumen
description: Fraction of xylem vessels comprised of lumen
number of records: 623
number of studies: 7
type: numeric
units: dimensionless
allowable range: 0.001 - 1 dimensionless

vessel_multiple_fraction

label: Index for the tendency of vessels to occur in clusters (smaller value) versus occur as solitary vessels (1)
description: Vmf; A vessel grouping index, the number of groups of vessels (vessels in direct contact with one another) divided by the total number of vessels (Scholz et al. 2013). A Vmf value approximating 1 denotes a tendency towards solitary vessels.
number of records: 90
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: dimensionless
allowable range: 0.001 - 1 dimensionless

vessel_non_lumen_fraction

label: Fraction of xylem vessels comprised of non-lumen
description: Fraction of xylem vessels comprised of non-lumen
number of records: 19
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: dimensionless
allowable range: 0.001 - 1 dimensionless

vessel_wall_fraction

label: Fraction of xylem vessels comprised of cell wall
description: Fraction of xylem vessels comprised of cell wall
number of records: 278
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: dimensionless
allowable range: 0.001 - 1 dimensionless

vulnerability_index

label: Ratio of vessel diameter to vessel density
description: The ratio of vessel diameter to vessel density, as an index of sap conductance and susceptibility to vessel cavitation
number of records: 0
number of studies: 0
type: numeric
units: dimensionless
allowable range: 0.05 - 1000 dimensionless

water_logging_tolerance

label: Water-logging tolerance
description: Ability of taxon to tolerate water-logged soils
number of records: 7789
number of studies: 1
type: categorical
allowable values:
not_applicable: Taxa is not typically confronted with waterlogging and its response is unknown
<1_month: Taxa able to tolerate less than 1 month of waterlogging
1-6_months: Taxa able to tolerate 1-6 months of waterlogging
>6_months: Taxa able to tolerate more than 6 months of waterlogging
aquatic: Taxa truly aquatic and able to be permanantly inundated

wood_axial_parenchyma_fraction

label: Fraction of wood comprised of axial parenchyma
description: Fraction of wood comprised of axial parenchyma
number of records: 435
number of studies: 3
type: numeric
units: dimensionless
allowable range: 0.001 - 1 dimensionless

wood_conduit_fraction

label: Fraction of wood comprised of all conduits
description: Fraction of wood comprised of all conduits
number of records: 157
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: dimensionless
allowable range: 0.01 - 1 dimensionless

wood_fibre_fraction

label: Fraction of wood comprised of fibres
description: Fraction of wood comprised of fibres
number of records: 435
number of studies: 3
type: numeric
units: dimensionless
allowable range: 0.01 - 1 dimensionless

wood_ray_fraction

label: Fraction of wood comprised of rays
description: Fraction of wood comprised of rays
number of records: 435
number of studies: 3
type: numeric
units: dimensionless
allowable range: 0.01 - 1 dimensionless

wood_tracheid_fraction

label: Fraction of wood comprised of tracheids
description: Fraction of wood comprised of tracheids
number of records: 72
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: dimensionless
allowable range: 0 - 1 dimensionless

vein_angle_secondary

label: Angle of secondary veins
description: Angle of secondary veins
number of records: 287
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: angle
allowable range: 0 - 90 angle

vein_density

label: Count of veins per distance
description: Count of veins per distance
number of records: 298
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: count/mm
allowable range: 0.01 - 20 count/mm

vine_climbing_mechanism

label: Mechanism vines use to climb
description: Mechanism vines use to climb
number of records: 92
number of studies: 1
type: categorical
allowable values:
adventitious_roots: roots arising from stem nodes which cling to host plant
hooks: Curved stem outgrowths which allow climbers to cling to host plant
scrambling: Plant parts supported by host vegetation but no specialized structures employed
spines: Straight stem outgrowths which allow climbers to cling to host plant
tendrils: Modified stems, leaves or petioles forming a specialized structure for climbing
twining: Stems or petioles which coil around host plants

water_band_index

label: Water band index
description: Water band index, the ratio of the reflectance at 970 nm / 900 nm, recorded from the spectro-radiometer.
number of records: 453
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: dimensionless
allowable range: 1 - 1.1 dimensionless

water_potential_midday

label: Midday water potential
description: A plant’s water potential during the heat of the day
number of records: 912
number of studies: 12
type: numeric
units: MPa
allowable range: -10 - 0 MPa

water_potential_predawn

label: Pre-dawn water potential
description: A plant’s water potential just before sunrise
number of records: 639
number of studies: 9
type: numeric
units: MPa
allowable range: -8 - 0 MPa

leaf_relative_water_content_predawn

label: Leaf relative water content predawn
description: Ratio of water in a fresh leaf to water in a saturated leaf; measured pre-dawn
number of records: 184
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: g/g
allowable range: 0.1 - 1.4 g/g

water_potential_50percent_lost_conductivity

label: Xylem pressure at which 50% of conductivity is lost
description: Xylem pressure at which 50% of conductivity is lost
number of records: 99
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: MPa
allowable range: -15 - 0 MPa

water_potential_88percent_lost_conductivity

label: Xylem pressure at which 88% of conductivity is lost
description: Xylem pressure at which 88% of conductivity is lost
number of records: 81
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: MPa
allowable range: -15 - 0 MPa

hydraulic_safety_margin_50

label: Hydraulic safety margin (versus 50% loss conductivity)
description: Difference between minimum observed water potential and water potential at which 50% of conductivity is lost.
number of records: 24
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: MPa
allowable range: -5 - 10 MPa

water_use_efficiency_integrated

label: Integrated water use efficiency
description: WUE; Rate of carbon dioxide uptake relative to water loss, per unit leaf area. This measures how much biomass is produced relative to transpiration, and is therefore an integrated measure of water use efficiency. (Calculated as biomass production / transpiration)
number of records: 116
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: g H2O/g biomass
allowable range: 0.1 - 200 g H2O/g biomass

water_use_efficiency_intrinsic

label: Leaf photosynthesis rate per unit stomatal conductance (photosynthetic water use efficiency, PWUE, or intrinsic WUE)
description: PWUE calculated as Aarea/gs; Ratio of photosynthesis (CO2 assimilation rate) to stomatal conductance (gs). This is intrinsic water use efficiency.
number of records: 592
number of studies: 6
type: numeric
units: umolCO2/mmolH2O
allowable range: 0.001 - 2 umolCO2/mmolH2O

water_use_efficiency_photosynthetic

label: Leaf photosynthesis rate per unit leaf transpiration (photosynthetic water use efficiency, PWUE, or instantaneous WUE)
description: PWUE calculated as Aarea/E; Ratio of photosynthesis (CO2 assimilation rate) to leaf transpiration (E; water loss). This is also termed instantaneous water use efficiency.
number of records: 3509
number of studies: 8
type: numeric
units: umolCO2/mmolH2O
allowable range: 0.1 - 200 umolCO2/mmolH2O

wood_delta13C

label: Wood carbon (C) isotope signature (delta 13C)
description: Wood carbon stable isotope signature
number of records: 274
number of studies: 3
type: numeric
units: per mille
allowable range: -50 - 0 per mille

wood_delta15N

label: Wood nitrogen (N) isotope signature (delta 15N)
description: Wood nitrogen stable isotope signature
number of records: 274
number of studies: 3
type: numeric
units: per mille
allowable range: -25 - 75 per mille

stem_density

label: Stem dry mass per unit fresh stem volume
description: Stem dry mass per unit stem fresh volume, specifically for non-woody or partially woody stems that otherwise are outliers for wood density
number of records: 880
number of studies: 1
type: numeric
units: mg/mm3
allowable range: 0.1 - 1.4 mg/mm3

wood_density

label: Stem dry mass per unit fresh stem volume
description: Stem dry mass per unit stem fresh volume (stem specific density or SSD or wood density)
number of records: 9108
number of studies: 43
type: numeric
units: mg/mm3
allowable range: 0.05 - 1.4 mg/mm3

wood_C_per_dry_mass

label: Wood carbon (C) content per unit wood dry mass
description: Wood carbon (C) content per unit wood dry mass
number of records: 280
number of studies: 4
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 50 - 750 mg/g

wood_N_per_dry_mass

label: Wood nitrogen (N) content per unit wood dry mass
description: Wood nitrogen (N) content per unit wood dry mass
number of records: 568
number of studies: 7
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 mg/g

wood_P_per_dry_mass

label: Wood phosphorus (P) content per unit wood dry mass
description: Wood phosphorus (P) content per unit wood dry mass
number of records: 299
number of studies: 4
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.001 - 10 mg/g

wood_K_per_dry_mass

label: Wood potassium (K) content per unit wood dry mass
description: Wood potassium (K) content per unit wood dry mass
number of records: 48
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.01 - 100 mg/g

wood_Ca_per_dry_mass

label: Wood calcium (Ca) content per unit wood dry mass
description: Wood calcium (Ca) content per unit wood dry mass
number of records: 48
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.001 - 10 mg/g

wood_Mg_per_dry_mass

label: Wood magnesium (Mg) content per unit wood dry mass
description: Wood magnesium (Mg) content per unit wood dry mass
number of records: 45
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.01 - 10 mg/g

wood_Na_per_dry_mass

label: Wood sodium (Na) content per unit wood dry mass
description: Wood sodium (Na) content per unit wood dry mass
number of records: 31
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 mg/g

dead_wood_N_per_dry_mass

label: Dead wood nitrogen (N) content per unit dead wood dry mass
description: Dead wood nitrogen (N) content per unit dead wood dry mass
number of records: 5
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 mg/g

dead_wood_P_per_dry_mass

label: Dead wood phosphorus (P) content per unit dead wood dry mass
description: Dead wood phosphorus (P) content per unit dead wood dry mass
number of records: 5
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.001 - 10 mg/g

dead_wood_K_per_dry_mass

label: Dead wood potassium (K) content per unit dead wood dry mass
description: Dead wood potassium (K) content per unit dead wood dry mass
number of records: 5
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.01 - 10 mg/g

dead_wood_Ca_per_dry_mass

label: Dead wood calcium (Ca) content per unit dead wood dry mass
description: Dead wood calcium (Ca) content per unit dead wood dry mass
number of records: 5
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 mg/g

dead_wood_Mg_per_dry_mass

label: Dead wood magnesium (Mg) content per unit dead wood dry mass
description: Dead wood magnesium (Mg) content per unit dead wood dry mass
number of records: 5
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.01 - 10 mg/g

dead_wood_Na_per_dry_mass

label: Dead wood sodium (Na) content per unit dead wood dry mass
description: Dead wood sodium (Na) content per unit dead wood dry mass
number of records: 5
number of studies: 2
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.001 - 1 mg/g

woodiness

label: Woodiness
description: A plant’s degree of lignification in stems
number of records: 14138
number of studies: 15
type: categorical
allowable values:
herbaceous: Plant with non-lignified stems
semi_woody: Plant with partially lignified stems
woody: Plant that produces secondary xylem, have lignin

Orginal sources

The current version of AusTraits includes data from the following primary sources:

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Australian National Botanic Gardens. The National Seed Bank. 2018. url: http://www.anbg.gov.au/gardens/living/seedbank/.
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D. M. G. Apgaua, F. Y. Ishida, D. Y. P. Tng, M. J. Laidlaw, R. M. Santos, R. Rumman, D. Eamus, J. A. M. Holtum, and S. G. W. Laurance. “Functional traits and water transport strategies in lowland tropical rainforest trees”. PLoS One 10.6 (2015), p. e0130799. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130799.
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J. Atkinson. “Unpublished data: Leaf morphology of the Pultenaea juniperina species complex in Tasmania, University of New South Wales”. 2020.
J. Atkinson. “Unpublished data: Investigation of how leaf traits may determine ecological restoration outcomes, University of New South Wales”. 2020.
A. Baker. “Unpublished data: Post-fire fire-response surveys on the NSW north coast, Southern Cross University”. 2019.
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C. J. Blackman, T. J. Brodribb, and G. J. Jordan. “Leaf hydraulic vulnerability is related to conduit dimensions and drought resistance across a diverse range of woody angiosperms”. New Phytologist 188.4 (2010), pp. 1113-1123. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03439.x.
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G. E. Burrows. “Comparative anatomy of the photosynthetic organs of 39 xeromorphic species from subhumid New South Wales, Australia”. International Journal of Plant Sciences 162 (2001), pp. 411-430. doi: 10.1086/319579.
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L. A. Cernusak, L. B. Hutley, J. Beringer, J. A. Holtum, and B. L. Turner. “Photosynthetic physiology of eucalypts along a sub-continental rainfall gradient in northern Australia”. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 151.11 (2011), pp. 1462-1470. doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.01.006.
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D. Cheal. Growth stages and tolerable fire intervals for Victoria’s native vegetation data sets. Fire and adaptive management, report no. 84. Victorian Government Department of Sustainability and Environment Melbourne, 2010.
A. W. Cheesman, H. Duff, K. Hill, L. A. Cernusak, and F. A. McInerney. “Isotopic and morphologic proxies for reconstructing light environment and leaf function of fossil leaves: A modern calibration in the Daintree Rainforest, Australia”. American Journal of Botany 107 (2020), pp. 1165-1176. doi: 10.1002/ajb2.1523.
Chen, S.-C., Cornwell, W., Z. H.-X., Moles, and A. T. “Plants show more flesh in the tropics: Variation in fruit type along latitudinal and climatic gradients.”. Ecography 40 (2017), pp. 531-538. doi: abs/10.1111/ecog.02010.
R. J. Chinnock. Eremophila and allied genera: A monograph of the plant family Myoporaceae. Dural, NSW: Rosenberg, 2007. ISBN: 9781877058165.
B. Choat, M. C. Ball, J. G. Luly, C. F. Donnelly, and J. A. M. Holtum. “Seasonal patterns of leaf gas exchange and water relations in dry rain forest trees of contrasting leaf phenology”. Tree Physiology 26.5 (2006), pp. 657-664. doi: 10.1093/treephys/26.5.657.
B. Choat, S. Jansen, T. J. Brodribb, H. Cochard, S. Delzon, R. Bhaskar, S. J. Bucci, T. S. Feild, S. M. Gleason, U. G. Hacke, A. L. Jacobsen, F. Lens, H. Maherali, J. Martinez-Vilalta, S. Mayr, M. Mencuccini, P. J. Mitchell, A. Nardini, J. Pittermann, R. B. Pratt, J. S. Sperry, M. Westoby, I. J. Wright, and A. E. Zanne. “Global convergence in the vulnerability of forests to drought”. Nature 491.7426 (2012), pp. 752-755. doi: 10.1038/nature11688.
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E. Cross. “The characteristics of natives and invaders: A trait-based investigation into the theory of limiting similarity.”. Honours. La Trobe University, 2009.
K. Y. Crous, A. G. Quentin, Y. Lin, B. E. Medlyn, D. G. Williams, C. V. M. Barton, and D. S. Ellsworth. “Photosynthesis of temperate Eucalyptus globulus trees outside their native range has limited adjustment to elevated CO2 and climate warming”. Global Change Biology 19.12 (2013), pp. 3790-3807. doi: 10.1111/gcb.12314.
K. Y. Crous, A. Wujeska-Klause, M. Jiang, B. E. Medlyn, and D. S. Ellsworth. “Nitrogen and phosphorus retranslocation of leaves and stemwood in a mature Eucalyptus forest exposed to 5 years of elevated CO2”. Frontiers in Plant Science 10 (2019), p. art664. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00664.
S. A. Cunningham, B. Summerhayes, and M. Westoby. “Evolutionary divergences in leaf structure and chemistry, comparing rainfall and soil nutrient gradients”. Ecological Monographs 69 (1999), pp. 569-588. doi: 10.1890/0012-9615(1999)069[0569:EDILSA]2.0.CO;2.
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E. M. Curtis, A. Leigh, and S. Rayburg. “Relationships among leaf traits of Australian arid zone plants: alternative modes of thermal protection”. Australian Journal of Botany 60.6 (2012), pp. 471-483. doi: 10.1071/bt11284.
M. D. Denton, E. J. Veneklaas, F. M. Freimoser, and H. Lambers. “Banksia species (Proteaceae) from severely phosphorus-impoverished soils exhibit extreme efficiency in the use and re-mobilization of phosphorus”. Plant, Cell and Environment 30 (2007), pp. 1557-1565. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01733.x.
F. de Tombeur, E. Laliberte, H. Lambers, M. Faucon, G. Zemunik, B. L. Turner, J. Cornelis, and G. Mahy. “A shift from phenol to silica-based leaf defenses during long-term soil and ecosystem development”. Ecology Letters 24.5 (2021), pp. 984-995. doi: 10.1111/ele.13713.
N. Dong, I. C. Prentice, B. J. Evans, S. Caddy-Retalic, A. J. Lowe, and I. J. Wright. “Leaf nitrogen from first principles: field evidence for adaptive variation with climate”. Biogeosciences 14.2 (2017), pp. 481-495. doi: 10.5194/bg-14-481-2017.
P. Du, S. K. Arndt, and C. Farrell. “Relationships between plant drought response, traits, and climate of origin for green roof plant selection”. Ecological Applications 28.7 (2018), pp. 1752-1761. doi: 10.1002/eap.1782.
P. Du, S. K. Arndt, and C. Farrell. “Can the turgor loss point be used to assess drought response to select plants for green roofs in hot and dry climates?”. Plant and Soil 441.1-2 (2019), pp. 399-408. doi: 10.1007/s11104-019-04133-7.
H. Duan, A. P. O’Grady, R. A. Duursma, B. Choat, G. Huang, R. A. Smith, Y. Jiang, and D. T. Tissue. “Drought responses of two gymnosperm species with contrasting stomatal regulation strategies under elevated [CO2] and temperature”. Tree Physiology 35.7 (2015), pp. 756-770. doi: 10.1093/treephys/tpv047.
D. H. Duncan. “Unpublished data: Structural basis of variation in leaf mass per area in three plant clades, Macquarie University”. 1998.
J. M. Dwyer and D. C. Laughlin. “Constraints on trait combinations explain climatic drivers of biodiversity: The importance of trait covariance in community assembly”. Ecology Letters 20.7 (2017), pp. 872-882. doi: 10.1111/ele.12781.
J. M. Dwyer and R. Mason. “Plant community responses to thinning in densely regenerating Acacia harpophylla forest”. Restoration Ecology 26.1 (2018), pp. 97-105. doi: 10.1111/rec.12536.
D. Eamus and H. Prichard. “A cost-benefit analysis of leaves of four Australian savanna species”. Tree Physiology 18 (1998), pp. 537-545. doi: 10.1093/treephys/18.8-9.537.
D. Eamus, B. Myers, G. Duff, and D. Williams. “Seasonal changes in photosynthesis of eight savanna tree species”. Tree Physiology 19 (1999), pp. 665-671. doi: 10.1093/treephys/19.10.665.
C. Edwards, J. Read, and G. D. Sanson. “Characterising sclerophylly: some mechanical properties of leaves from heath and forest”. Oecologia 123.2 (2000), pp. 158-167. doi: 10.1007/s004420051001.
J. Schöenenberger, M. Balthazar, A. L. Martinez, B. Albert, C. Prieu, S. Magallon, and H. Sauquet. “Phylogenetic analysis of fossil flowers using an angiosperm-wide data set: proof-of-concept and challenges ahead”. American Journal of Botany 107.10 (2020), pp. 1433-1448. doi: 10.1002/ajb2.1538.
M. Esperon-Rodriguez, S. A. Power, M. G. Tjoelker, and P. D. Rymer. “Unpublished data: Data from ‘Which Plant Where Living Labs’ research projects”. 2019.
M. Esperon-Rodriguez, P. D. Rymer, S. A. Power, A. Challis, R. M. Marchin, and M. G. Tjoelker. “Functional adaptations and trait plasticity of urban trees along a climatic gradient”. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 54 (2020), p. art126771. doi: 10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126771.
S. E. Everingham, C. A. Offord, M. E. B. Sabot, and A. T. Moles. “Time travelling seeds reveal that plant regeneration and growth traits are responding to climate change”. Ecology 102 (2020), p. e03272. doi: 10.1002/ecy.3272.
D. S. Falster and M. Westoby. “Leaf size and angle vary widely across species: what consequences for light interception?”. New Phytologist 158.3 (2003), pp. 509-525. doi: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00765.x.
D. S. Falster and M. Westoby. “Alternative height strategies among 45 dicot rain forest species from tropical Queensland, Australia”. Journal of Ecology 93 (2005), pp. 521-535. doi: 10.1111/j.0022-0477.2005.00992.x.
D. S. Falster and M. Westoby. “Tradeoffs between height growth rate, stem persistence and maximum height among plant species in a post-fire succession”. Oikos 111 (2005), pp. 57-66. doi: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.13383.x.
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C. Farrell, C. Szota, and S. K. Arndt. “Does the turgor loss point characterize drought response in dryland plants?”. Plant, Cell & Environment 40.8 (2017), pp. 1500-1511. doi: 10.1111/pce.12948.
J. Firn, J. M. McGree, E. Harvey, H. Flores-Moreno, M. Schuetz, Y. M. Buckley, E. T. Borer, E. W. Seabloom, K. J. L. Pierre, A. M. MacDougall, S. M. Prober, C. J. Stevens, L. L. Sullivan, E. Porter, E. Ladouceur, C. Allen, K. H. Moromizato, J. W. Morgan, W. S. Harpole, Y. Hautier, N. Eisenhauer, J. P. Wright, P. B. Adler, C. A. Arnillas, J. D. Bakker, L. Biederman, A. A. D. Broadbent, C. S. Brown, M. N. Bugalho, M. C. Caldeira, E. E. Cleland, A. Ebeling, P. A. Fay, N. Hagenah, A. R. Kleinhesselink, R. Mitchell, J. L. Moore, C. Nogueira, P. L. Peri, C. Roscher, M. D. Smith, P. D. Wragg, and A. C. Risch. “Leaf nutrients, not specific leaf area, are consistent indicators of elevated nutrient inputs”. Nature Ecology & Evolution 3.3 (2019), pp. 400-406. doi: 10.1038/s41559-018-0790-1.
C. R. Fonseca, J. M. Overton, B. Collins, and M. Westoby. “Shifts in trait-combinations along rainfall and phosphorus gradients”. Journal of Ecology 88 (2000), pp. 964-977. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2000.00506.x.
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