Definitions for traits in AusTraits

This document provides a full list of trait definitions used in AusTraits version 4.1.0.9000, as defined in the file configuration files config/traits.yml.

accessory_cost_fraction

label: Fraction of total reproductive investment to non-seed tissues
description: Fraction of total reproductive investment required to mature a seed that is invested in non-seed tissues
type: numeric
units: mg/mg
allowable range: 0.01 - 1 mg/mg

accessory_cost_mass

label: Mass of seed accessory costs
description: Mass of seed accessory costs, the proportion of a fruit that does not develop into a seed
type: numeric
units: mg
allowable range: 0.01 - 10000 mg

atmospheric_CO2_concentration

label: ambient CO2 concentration
description: Ambient CO2 concentration (external CO2 concentration)
type: numeric
units: umol{CO2}/mol
allowable range: 50 - 1000 umol{CO2}/mol

bark_Al_per_dry_mass

label: Bark aluminium (Al) content per unit bark dry mass
description: Bark aluminium (Al) content per unit bark dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.01 - 10 mg/g

bark_ash_per_dry_mass

label: Bark ash content per dry mass
description: Bark ash content per dry mass, where bark ash is the component of the bark remaining after combustion.
type: numeric
units: g/g
allowable range: 0.01 - 100 g/g

bark_B_per_dry_mass

label: Bark boron (B) content per unit bark dry mass
description: Bark boron (B) content per unit bark dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.001 - 1 mg/g

bark_C_per_dry_mass

label: Bark carbon (C) content per unit bark dry mass
description: Bark carbon (C) content per unit bark dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 50 - 750 mg/g

bark_Ca_per_dry_mass

label: Bark calcium (Ca) content per unit bark dry mass
description: Bark calcium (Ca) content per unit bark dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 mg/g

bark_cellulose_per_dry_mass

label: Bark cellulose per unit bark dry mass
description: Bark cellulose per unit bark dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/mg
allowable range: 0.1 - 1 mg/mg

bark_Cu_per_dry_mass

label: Bark copper (Cu) content per unit bark dry mass
description: Bark copper (Cu) content per unit bark dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 1e-04 - 1 mg/g

bark_delta13C

label: Bark carbon (C) isotope signature (delta 13C)
description: Bark carbon stable isotope signature
type: numeric
units: {delta}[ppth]
allowable range: -50 - 0 {delta}[ppth]

bark_delta15N

label: Bark nitrogen (N) isotope signature (delta 15N)
description: Bark nitrogen stable isotope signature
type: numeric
units: {delta}[ppth]
allowable range: -25 - 75 {delta}[ppth]

bark_density

label: Bark dry mass per unit fresh bark volume
description: Bark dry mass per unit bark fresh volume (bark density)
type: numeric
units: mg/mm3
allowable range: 0.1 - 1.1 mg/mm3

bark_dry_mass_per_surface_area

label: Bark mass per unit surface area of stem
description: Bark mass per unit surface area of stem
type: numeric
units: g/cm2
allowable range: 0.01 - 1 g/cm2

bark_Fe_per_dry_mass

label: Bark iron (Fe) content per unit bark dry mass
description: Bark iron (Fe) content per unit bark dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.001 - 10 mg/g

bark_K_per_dry_mass

label: Bark potassium (K) content per unit bark dry mass
description: Bark potassium (K) content per unit bark dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.01 - 100 mg/g

bark_lignin_per_dry_mass

label: Bark lignin per unit bark dry mass
description: Bark lignin per unit bark dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/mg
allowable range: 0.01 - 1 mg/mg

bark_Mg_per_dry_mass

label: Bark magnesium (Mg) content per unit bark dry mass
description: Bark magnesium (Mg) content per unit bark dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.01 - 10 mg/g

bark_Mn_per_dry_mass

label: Bark manganese (Mn) content per unit bark dry mass
description: Bark manganese (Mn) content per unit bark dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.001 - 1 mg/g

bark_modulus_of_elasticity

label: A measure of the force required to bend bark
description: A measure of the force required to bend bark
type: numeric
units: MPa
allowable range: 10 - 100000 MPa

bark_morphology

label: Bark morphology
description: Description of bark morphology
type: categorical
allowable values:
- eucalypt_box: Eucalypts with “Box” type bark (including Corymbia and Angophora)
- eucalypt_gum: Eucalypts with “Gum” type bark (including Corymbia and Angophora)
- eucalypt_stocking: Eucalypts with “Gum” type bark above a rough barked stocking (including Corymbia and Angophora)
- eucalypt_ironbark: Eucalypts with “Ironbark” type bark (including Corymbia and Angophora)
- eucalypt_peppermint: Eucalypts with “Peppermint” type bark (including Corymbia and Angophora)
- eucalypt_stringybark: Eucalypts with “Stringy” type bark (including Corymbia and Angophora)
- eucalypt_ribbonbark: Eucalypts with “Gum” type bark that sheds in ribbons (including Corymbia and Angophora)

bark_N_per_dry_mass

label: Bark nitrogen (N) content per unit bark dry mass
description: Bark nitrogen (N) content per unit bark dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 mg/g

bark_Na_per_dry_mass

label: Bark sodium (Na) content per unit bark dry mass
description: Bark sodium (Na) content per unit bark dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.01 - 100 mg/g

bark_P_per_dry_mass

label: Bark phosphorus (P) content per unit bark dry mass
description: Bark phosphorus (P) content per unit bark dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.001 - 10 mg/g

bark_photosynthetic_status

label: Bark photosynthesis
description: Binary variable indicating whether or not bark is photosynthetic
type: categorical
allowable values:
- non_photosynthetic_bark: bark is not photosynthetic
- photosynthetic_bark: bark is photosynthetic

bark_S_per_dry_mass

label: Bark sulphur (S) content per unit bark dry mass
description: Bark sulphur (S) content per unit bark dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 mg/g

bark_tannin_per_dry_mass

label: Bark tannins (polyphenols) per unit bark dry mass
description: Bark tannins (polyphenols) per unit bark dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/mg
allowable range: 1e-05 - 1 mg/mg

bark_thickness

label: Bark thickness
description: Thickness of the bark of the stem
type: numeric
units: mm
allowable range: 0.01 - 50 mm

bark_thickness_index

label: Scaled bark thickness
description: Thickness of the bark (2 times a single thickness measure) of the stem divided by stem diameter, adjust for increasing bark thickness with increasing stem diameter. (based on Lawes)
type: numeric
units: mm/mm
allowable range: 0.001 - 1 mm/mm

bark_water_content_per_dry_mass

label: Bark water content per unit dry mass
description: Ratio of the mass of water in a bark to bark dry mass.
type: numeric
units: g/g
allowable range: 0.01 - 1 g/g

bark_water_content_per_saturated_mass

label: Water content per unit mass of saturated bark
description: Ratio of water in a saturated bark (maximal water holding capacity at full turgidity) to bark saturated mass
type: numeric
units: g/g
allowable range: 0.1 - 10 g/g

bark_Zn_per_dry_mass

label: Bark zinc (Zn) content per unit bark dry mass
description: Bark zinc (Zn) content per unit bark dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.001 - 10 mg/g

branch_mass_fraction

label: Fraction of plant dry mass comprised of branch material
description: Fraction of plant dry mass comprised of branch material
type: numeric
units: mg/mg
allowable range: 0 - 1 mg/mg

branch_terminal_twig_cross_sectional_area

label: Terminal twig cross-sectional area
description: Cross-sectional area of the terminal twig
type: numeric
units: mm2
allowable range: 0.05 - 50 mm2

branch_terminal_twig_length

label: Terminal twig length
description: Length of the terminal twig
type: numeric
units: mm
allowable range: 1 - 1000 mm

bud_bank_location

label: Location of resprouting buds following a fire.
description: Location of resprouting buds following a fire. The trait vegetative_regeneration_or_reproduction_strategy captures the explicit tissue types that provides a more detailed list of species’ ability to regenerate vegetatively and their bud locations. See Pausus, Lamont et al. 2018, doi.org/10.1111/nph.14982 for trait values used and detailed desciptions of recolonization ability and level of fire protection provided by each regeneration strategy. See also the trait storage_organ.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- apical_buds: Plant resprouts from above-ground apical meristems. Also termed a caudex. Term refers to palm-like plants with aerial buds that resprout, including grass trees, palms, tree ferns, and pandanus.
- basal_buds: Plant resprouts from its base, with basal stem versus underground buds not distinguished between. Most buds designated as basal_buds likely to be resprouts from a lignotuber, but this trait value is used if the dataset reported basal buds rather than basal stem buds or lignotuber.
- basal_stem_buds: Plants resprout from the base of the stem following a fire. Australian plants with basal stem buds usually have a lignotuber; see the trait storage_organ.
- bud-bearing_root: Root buds produce vertical suckers (from root crown) or adventitious roots following a fire.
- epicormic_buds: Plants resprout from the stem or trunk following a fire.
- rhizome: Plants reprout from a rhizome.
- stem_buds: Plant resprouts from stem buds (separate to epicormic buds)
- stem_tuber: Plant resprouts from buds on a stem tuber
- stolon: Plants resprouts from buds on horizontal branches (stems) growing from the base of the plant.
- underground_buds: Plants that resprout from underground organ, but the type of organ isn’t specified.
- none: Plant lacks regenerative buds.

bulk_modulus_of_elasticity

label: Bulk modulus of elasticity (e)
description: In leaves, the ratio of the change in cell turgor to the change in cell volume as a plant dries out; calculated from a pressure-volume curve
type: numeric
units: MPa
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 MPa

canopy_seedbank

label: Seeds present in canopy seedbank
description: Binary variable indicating if seeds present in canopy seedbank; see also ‘seed_longevity_categorical’, ‘seed_storage_location’, ‘soil_seedbank’, and ‘serotiny’
type: categorical
allowable values:
- canopy_seedbank_absent: Seeds not present in canopy seedbank
- canopy_seedbank_present: Seeds present in canopy seedbank

cell_cross-sectional_area

label: Cell cross sectional area
description: Cell cross sectional area
type: numeric
units: um2
allowable range: 100 - 10000 um2

clonal_spread_mechanism

label: Clonal growth mechanisms
description: Mechanisms a plant uses to grow vegetatively, including the production of clones. Overlap with terms under storage_organ and bud_bank_location.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- aboveground_clonal: Vegetative buds or plant fragments that can disperse and produce new plants (including axillary buds, bulbils and turions).
- adventitious_root_buds: Adventitious root buds on main root or lateral roots
- bulb: Below ground storage organ derived from stem (and sometimes leaf) tissue, that divides into new individuals.
- belowground_clonal: Plants use an unspecified underground organ for clonal spread.
- corm: Below ground organ derived from stem tissue that can function either for vegetative spread or to regenerate following a disturbance.
- rhizome: Plant has an underground stem; this stem may be woody or non-woody. Rhizomes are both a mechanism for vegetative spread and a strategy to survive fire.
- root_buds: Lateral root that produces vertical suckers, adventitious roots
- root_tuber: Below ground storage organ derived from root tissue.
- stem_tuber: Below ground storage organ derived from stem tissue.
- stolon: Plants having horizontal branches (stems) from the base of the plant that produce new plants from buds at its tip or nodes
- viviparous: Plant produces clonal offspring that grow while still attached to the parent plant.
- non_clonal: Plant does not display clonal growth

competitive_stratum

label: Competitive stratum
description: Categorical descriptions of a taxon’s relative stature in its community, used to assess competitive heirarchies within a community (definition based on Keith 2007, Gosper 2012)
type: categorical
allowable values:
- ground: Graminoids, herbs and ferns reaching maximum heights of c. 0.2–1 m
- mid: Shrubs reaching maximum heights of c. 1–2 m
- upper: Tall shrubs reaching maximum heights of c. 3–5 m
- post_fire_ephemeral: Taxa that avoid competition with other strata by rapidly completing their life cycle after fire; a sub-category of ‘ground’

cotyledon_function

label: Cotyledon function
description: Cotyledon function
type: categorical
allowable values:
- foliaceous: Cotyledons are photosynthetic and function as leaves.
- reserve: Cotyledons function as energy reserve organs.

cotyledon_position

label: Cotyledon position at germination
description: Binary variable distinguishing between seedlings where the cotyledon remains within the seed coat versus emerges from the seed coat at germination.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- cryptocotylar: A type of seed germination in which the cotyledons remain within the seed coat at germination.
- phanerocotylar: A type of seed germination in which the cotyledons emerge from the seed coat.

cotyledon_type

label: Cotyledon type
description: Binary variable distinguishing between glabrous versus hairy cotyledons
type: categorical
allowable values:
- glabrous: Cotyledon lacks hairs
- hairy: Cotyledon has hairs

diaspore_dry_mass

label: Dry mass of a plant’s dispersal unit
description: Dry mass of a plant’s dispersal unit, including the seed and any dispersal appendages; synonymous with dispersule and often synonymous with the term disseminule. (Notes, Data mapped onto this trait have been very explicitly defined as a ‘diaspore’. There will be additional values mapped as either ‘seed_dry_mass’ or ‘fruit_dry_mass’ that are also diaspores, but have identified only as being a ‘seed’ or ‘fruit’. In addition, it is expected that some observations in AusTraits mapped onto ‘seed_dry_mass’ will actually include both the seed and some dispersal tissue, if the two cannot easily be separated.)
type: numeric
units: mg
allowable range: 1e-05 - 1e+06 mg

diaspore_fleshiness

label: Diaspore fleshiness (fleshy / dry)
description: Binary variable, dividing diaspores into ‘dry’ versus ‘fleshy’ based on whether they have fleshy pericarps, fleshy accessory tissues (such as the receptacle in Podocarpus), or fleshy appendages (e.g. aril, thalamus, receptacle, calyx, rachis or bract or succulent pedicel) when mature. Dispersal units where none of these tissues is fleshy are designated as ‘non-fleshy’.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- dry: Diaspores where the true fruit, accessory tissues and dispersal appendages are all dry when mature.
- fleshy: Diaspores where either the true fruit, accessory tissues or dispersal appendages are fleshy when mature.

dispersal_appendage

label: Appendage of propagule which facilitates dispersal
description: External appendages of the dispersule presumed to facilitate dispersal away from the parent plant.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- aril: Fleshy outgrowth of a seed, that often attracts animals like birds or ants.
- bristles: Bristle-like projections. Trait value includes awns, which are slender, bristle-like projections in some grasses.
- bracts_and_glumes: When the bracts below the inflorescence are persistent and functional as dispersal appendages. This includes persistent glumes, the modified membranous bracts in the family Poaceae that surround the spikelet of a grass.
- elaiosome: Fleshy (often fatty) appendage on seeds that attracts ants.
- fleshy_reward: Broad term that includes a suite of appendages that provides a fleshy reward to attract dispersers; highest level of resolution available for some studies.
- floating_seed: Seed that is dispersed by floating on water
- flotation_scales: Scales enhancing flotation, thereby assisting with dispersal.
- floral_parts: When some plant floral parts (the petals, sepals, or style) are persistent and aid in seed and fruit dispersal. This is a broad term not explicitly suggesting a dispersal mechanism.
- hairs: Modified hairs that aid in seed dispersal.
- hooks: A rear-facing point, as in a fish hook that aids in seed and fruit dispersal.
- inflated_parts: When some part of the seed, fruit, or associated tissues is inflated, aiding in seed or fruit dispersal.
- none: When a fruit and associated tissues lack any dispersal appendages. Includes exarillate and taxa with explicitly deciduous pappus.
- pappus: The calyx in Asteraceae that has been modified into bristles, hairs, scales or awns that are attached to the apex of the fruit. Taxa assigned this trait value have a persistent pappus that aids in dispersal, often, but not exclusively through wind dispersal. The pappus can also assist with flotation.
- plumose: Fruit, seed, style, or other floral component that is plumose and assists with dispersal.
- receptacle: Fleshy receptacle that aids in dispersal.
- sarcotesta: Fleshy seed coat that aids in dispersal.
- spines: Spines that aid in dispersal.
- tumbleweed: Plant growth form, whereby the aboveground plant component detaches from the roots and is readily rolled by wind across the ground, aiding in dispersal.
- wings: Referring to wing-like seed extensions that aid in wind dispersal.
- wing_or_plume: Broad term that includes a suite of appendages that aid in wind dispsersal; highest level of resolution available for some studies.

dispersal_syndrome

label: Dispersal syndrome
description: Plant dispersal syndromes are generally assigned to species based on suites of diaspore characteristics associated with specific mechanisms of dispersal. Trait values are mostly given as the formal dispersal syndromes ending in ‘chory’, a suffix meaning ‘a specified method of plant dispersal’
type: categorical
allowable values:
- anemochory: Diaspore is dispersed by wind. (synonym, wind)
- anthrochory: Diaspore is dispersed by humans, either intentionally or unintentionally.
- atelochory: Diaspore dispersal is prevented. (synonym, antitelochory)
- autochory: Diaspore is dispersed by methods originating from the parent plant or diaspore.
- ballistic: Seeds are launched away from the plant by explosion as soon as the seed capsule opens.
- barochory: Diaspores are dispersed without assistance. (synonym, gravity, mobile, unassisted)
- chamaechory: Diaspore is dispersed by being rolled along ground surface by wind.
- endozoochory: Diaspore is ingested by animals, either intentionally or accidentally, then transported before being deposited. (synonym, ingestion)
- epizoochory: Diaspore is dispersed by accidentally attaching itself to the outside of an animal vector. (synonym, ectozoochory, exozoochory)
- hydrochory: Diaspore is dispersed on the surface of water. (synonym, water)
- myrmecochory: Diaspores have elaiosomes (specialised nutritious appendages) that make them attractive for capture, transport and use by ants or related insects.
- undefined: Dispersal mechanism unknown. (synonym, unknown)
- zoochory: Diaspore is dispersed by animals, by an undescribed mechanism.

dispersal_unit

label: Dispersal unit
description: Plant dispersal unit, broadly defined by taxonomic group.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- fruit: Dispersal unit is a fruit.
- seed: Dispersal unit is a seed.
- spore: Dispersal unit is a spore.

dispersers

label: Diaspore dispersal agents
description: Dominant diaspore dispersal agents. Terms include both species and more general dispersal agent groupings, matching the different levels of resolution provided by researchers.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- indigenous_people: Indigenous people disperse the fruit through traditional practises.
- ants: Ants are an important fruit dispersal agent.
- bats: Bats are an important fruit dispersal agent.
- birds: Birds are an important fruit dispersal agent.
- cassowaries: Cassowaries, in contrast to smaller flying birds, are an important fruit dispersal agent.
- floods: Floods are an important fruit dispersal agent.
- flying_vertebrates: Flying birds and bats are important fruit dispersal agents.
- flying_foxes: Flying foxes are an important fruit dispersal agent.
- garden_refuse: Fruit are dispersed through garden refuse.
- insects: Insects are an important fruit dispersal agent.
- invertebrates: Invertebrates are an important fruit dispersal agent.
- mammals: Mammals are an important fruit dispersal agent.
- non-flying_vertebrates: Mammals and non-flying birds (i.e. cassowary, emu) are important fruit dispersal agents.
- passive: There is no special dispersal agent.
- rain: Rain is an important fruit dispersal agent; the diaspore is propelled by action of rain on plant structure or the wetting of the plant structure by rain or dew.
- rodents: Rodents are an important fruit dispersal agent.
- vehicles: Vehicles are an important dispersal agent, such as through mud on tyres.
- vertebrates: Vertebrates are an important fruit dispersal agent.
- wind: Wind is an important fruit dispersal agent.
- water: Water is an important fruit dispersal agent.
- water_currents: Water currents are an important fruit dispersal agent; the diaspore may be either floating or submerged in fresh/saltwater currents.

embryo_colour

label: Embryo colour
description: Binary variable distinguishing between embryos that are green versus colourless
type: categorical
allowable values:
- colourless: Colourless embryo
- green: Green embryo

establishment_light_environment_index

label: Canopy light environment required for seedling establishment
description: The minimum light environment required by seedlings for establishment, scaled from 0 to 8. 0 indicates No direct light, extremely low levels of transmitted/reflected light, such as beneath dense fern or palm fronds close to ground level.; 0.5 indicates No direct light, very low levels of transmitted light; 1 indicates Rare or no exposure to direct light from lateral sources, and low levels of transmitted light.; 2 indicates Low lateral light and low–moderate transmitted light with <10% of inverted cone exposed to lateral sources of direct light, plus low to moderate levels of transmitted light; 3 indicates Low-moderate lateral & moderate transmitted light, wit <5% exposure of the focal crown to vertical direct light, and <15 % of inverted cone exposed to lateral sources of direct light, plus moderate transmitted light.; 4 indicates Moderate lateral light & moderate–high transmitted light, with 5 – 10% exposure of focal crown to direct vertical light, plus 2-20% exposure of inverted cone to lateral sources of direct light, plus moderate to high levels of transmitted light.; 5 indicates Moderate vertical light and moderate–high lateral light, with 5 – 20% exposure of focal crown to direct vertical light, plus one or both of, i. 10-40% exposure of 90-degree inverted cone to lateral sources of direct light, ii. exposure to high levels of transmitted light; 6 indicates Moderate-High vertical and high lateral light, with 10-30% of vertical projection of the crown exposed to vertical light, and lateral light exposure for > 40% of 90-degree inverted cone, 7 indicates High vertical and lateral light, with 30-80% of vertical projection of the crown exposed to vertical light, or exposure to lateral sources of direct light for > 60 % of a 90-degree inverted cone encompassing the focal crown.; 8 indicates Full light exposure of crown, with > 80% of the vertical projection of the crown exposed to vertical light. (reference, Wells 2012).
type: numeric
units: {dimensionless}
allowable range: 0 - 8 {dimensionless}

fire_and_establishing

label: Post-fire establishment
description: Trait capturing post-fire time frame during which species establishes. The selection of trait values does not distinguish between intermediate age and mature vegetation, as this level of detail is rarely provide in datasets.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- establish_anytime: Plants can establish immediately after fire and in later years as vegetation ages, right thru to mature and over-mature vegetation (assuming suitable seasonal conditions).
- establish_just_after_fire_only: Plants establish immediately after a fire (within the first 2 seasons, and usually within the first season), but cannot continue recruitment as the vegetation ages further, unable to establish in mature vegetation.
- establish_intermediate_to_mature_vegetation_only: Plants unable to establish immediately after fire (within the first season or two), but can establish in older vegetation (including mature to over-mature vegetation), requires some environmental charateristics not found in vegetation straight after fires.

fire_exposure_level

label: Plant’s fire avoidance or exposure strategies
description: A trait to capture different mechanisms plants use to avoid or experience fire.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- fire_not_relevant: Plant never affected by fire (for aquatic taxon).
- fire_avoidance_among_rocks: Plants rarely experience fires because their habitat is restricted to rocky outcrops or rock pavement.

fire_flame_duration

label: Flame duration for a single leaf.
description: Flame duration for a single leaf. Time from the first visible flame until no more flames could be seen (seconds)
type: numeric
units: s
allowable range: 0.1 - 200 s

fire_fuel_bed_bulk_density

label: Fuel bed bulk density.
description: Fuel bed bulk density. This is the mass of the fuel bed, divided by the fuel bed volumne.
type: numeric
units: g/cm3
allowable range: 0.001 - 1 g/cm3

fire_fuel_consumption

label: Proportion of fuel that was consumed by fire
description: Proportion of fuel that was consumed by fire.
type: numeric
units: g/g
allowable range: 1 - 100 g/g

fire_rate_of_spread

label: Rate of spread.
description: Rate of spread. How fast the fire moves across the landscape.
type: numeric
units: cm/s
allowable range: 0.01 - 1 cm/s

fire_response

label: Resprouts or is killed by fire
description: Distinguishes between mature plants that are killed versus resprout. Species where at least 70% of plants resprout following a fire that causes 100% leaf scorch are designated resprouters, while those where fewer than 30% of plants resprout are designated as fire killed. Species with an intermediate response have a mixed fire response, and are coded as fire_killed resprouts. (Gill & Bradstock 1992, Clarke 2015). This trait is narrowly applicable only to taxa that experience fire; see the trait fire_exposure_level for trait values related to species whose fire strategy is to avoid fire.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- fire_killed: Fewer than 30% of plants resprout following a hot fire.
- resprouts: More than 70% of plants resprout following a hot fire.
- partial_resprouting: Between 30-70% of plants resprout following a hot fire.
- no_significant_fire_response: Plants are rarely killed by a moderate-intensity fire, but also do not resprout.
- unknown: Fire status assessed, but unknown.

fire_response_detailed

label: Resprouts or is killed by fire
description: Detailed information distinguishing between plants that are killed by fire and resprout following fire
type: categorical
allowable values:
- fire_killed: Plants killed by hot fires
- weak_resprouting: Plant shows weak resprouting following fire; unless an author defines a study-specific cut-off, this term is applied to populations where some individuals, but fewer than 30% of individuals resprout following a fire.
- intermediate_resprouting: Plant shows intermediate resprouting following fire; unless an author defines a study-specific cut-off, this term is applied to populations where between 30-70% of individuals resprout.
- strong_resprouting: Plant shows strong resprouting following fire; unless an author defines a study-specific cut-off, this term is applied to populations where > 70% of individuals resprout.

fire_response_juvenile

label: Juvenile plants resprout or killed by file
description: Variable summarising how juvenile plants respond to fire
type: categorical
allowable values:
- juvenile_fire_killed: Few to no juvenile plants resprout following fire
- juvenile_resprout: More than 50% of juvenile plants survive and resprout following fire
- juvenile_moderate_fire_killed: 25-50% of juvenile plants resprout following fire

fire_response_numeric

label: Proportion of individuals in a population that resprout
description: Proportion of individuals in a population that resprout following a fire.
type: numeric
units: {count}/{count}
allowable range: 0 - 1 {count}/{count}

fire_response_on_maturity

label: Plants’ maturity status after fire
description: Variable summarising how plants’ maturity status changes following fire.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- remain_mature: Mature plants remain mature following fire.
- mature_to_juvenile: Mature plants become juvenile following fire.
- mature_do_not_resprout: Mature plants do not resprout following fire.

fire_response_stem_ratio

label: Ratio of stem count post-fire to pre-fire
description: Ratio of stem count post-fire to pre-fire at an individual or population level; this trait is appropriate to use for plants that have many stems from the base (shrubs, herbs, graminoids) where the number of stems before and after fire is censused. It is effectively a continuous measure of resprouting strength conditioned on initial size
type: numeric
units: {count}/{count}
allowable range: 0 - 4 {count}/{count}

fire_smoulder_duration

label: Smoulder duration for a single leaf.
description: Smoulder duration for a single leaf. Time from the end of the last visible flame until the glowing phase died out (seconds)
type: numeric
units: s
allowable range: 0.1 - 1000 s

fire_time_from_fire_to_fruit

label: Elapsed time from fire to fruiting
description: Elapsed time from fire to fruiting
type: numeric
units: mo
allowable range: 1 - 500 mo

fire_time_to_ignition

label: Time to ignition
description: Time to ignition for a single leaf. Time from ignition source contacting leaf (or other material) until ignition occurs.
type: numeric
units: s
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 s

fire_total_burn_duration

label: Sum of flame duration and smoulder duration for a single leaf.
description: Sum of flame duration and smoulder duration for a single leaf.
type: numeric
units: s
allowable range: 0.1 - 1500 s

flower_androecium_structural_merism

label: Number of androecium parts in each whorl (Androecium structural merism)
description: The number of stamens or stamen bundles (fascicles) in one whorl, considering both fertile stamens and staminodes. This character is not applicable for spiral or irregular stamen arrangements, nor when there is a single structural stamen (i.e., one stamen, no staminodes; e.g., Chloranthus, Chloranthaceae). (Definition derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘332. Androecium structural merism (C1)’)
type: numeric
units: {count}
allowable range: 0 - 100 {count}

flower_androecium_structural_phyllotaxis

label: Androecium structural phyllotaxis
description: Structural phyllotaxy of the androecium, considering both fertile stamens and staminodes. In cases of stamen fascicles, it is the phyllotaxis of fascicles, not individual stamens that are recorded. This character is not applicable when there is a single structural stamen (i.e., one stamen, no staminodes; e.g., Chloranthus, Chloranthaceae). (Definition and trait values derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘330. Androecium structural phyllotaxy (D1)’)
type: categorical
allowable values:
- whorled: Stamens and staminodes arranged in whorls
- spiral: Stamens and staminodes have a spiral arrangement
- irregular: Stamens and staminodes have an irregular arrangement

flower_androecium_structural_whorls_count

label: Number of androecium structural whorls
description: The number of whorls, considering both fertile stamens and staminodes. In cases of stamen fascicles, the count of whorls of fascicles is recorded. This character is not applicable for spiral or irregular stamen arrangements, or when there is a single structural stamen (i.e., one stamen, no staminodes; e.g., Chloranthus, Chloranthaceae). (Definition derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘331. Number of androecium structural whorls (C1)’)
type: numeric
units: {count}
allowable range: 0 - 100 {count}

flower_anther_attachment

label: Anther attachment
description: Anther attachment refers to the area of insertion of the filament on the anther connective (i.e. the tissue connecting the two thecae of an anther). (Definition and trait values derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘312. Anther attachment (D1)’)
type: categorical
allowable values:
- basifixed: Filament attached to the base of the connective. Laminar stamens are classified as basifixed
- dorsifixed: Filament attached to the dorsal side of the anther
- dorsifixed_at_base: Filament attached to the dorsal side of the anther, at the base**
- ventrifixed: Filament attached to the ventral side of the anther

flower_anther_connective_extension

label: Connective extension (apical)
description: Apical (distal) connective extensions (also called ‘distal connective protrusions’) are sterile anther structures that distally extend beyond the level of the thecae (i.e., the two lateral pairs of pollen sacs of a tetrasporangiate anther). This trait records both absence or presence of anther connective extensions and also the shape of these extensions in terms of length in relation to the length of the thecae. (Definition and trait values derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘314. Connective extension (apical) (D1)’)
type: categorical
allowable values:
- absent: Apical connective extensions are lacking
- short_extension: Connective extension less than a third of the length of anther
- long_extension: Connective extension more than a third but less than length of anther; e.g. Idiospermum australiense
- very_long_extension: Connective extension more than length of anther; e.g. Galbulimima belgraveana
- present_general: Apical connective extensions are present, but no information on their length relative to the anthers

flower_anther_dehiscence

label: Anther dehiscence
description: Anther dehiscence refers to the type of opening of the anther when releasing its pollen through the stomia. (Definition and trait values derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘313. Anther dehiscence (D1)’)
type: categorical
allowable values:
- longitudinal_slit: Anther with longitudinal slits that extend along the entire length of each theca
- poricidal: Anther where dehiscence of longitudinal slits is incomplete, with pollen exiting via a small pore
- h_valvate: Anther with two valves on longitudinal hinges, opening horizontally as sallon doors; when the stomium bifurcates at its distal and/or proximal end and thus a valve is formed
- flap_valvate: Anther with one or more flap-like valves on horizontal hinges, opening vertically
- transverse_slit: Anther with horizontal slit
- short_basal_slits: Anther where dehiscence of longitudinal slits is incomplete and only occurs over a short extent at the base of the theca
- short_central_slits: Anther where dehiscence of longitudinal slits is incomplete and only occurs over a short extent at the center of the theca
- short_apical_slits: Anther where dehiscence of longitudinal slits is incomplete and only occurs over a short extent at the apical end of the theca
- t_valvate: Anther with T-shaped stomium; reduced transverse slit at base
- common_stomium_confluent_thecae: (uncertain)

flower_anther_orientation

label: Anther orientation
description: Orientation of anther at anthesis. Anthers of angiosperms are rather uniform in their basic structure. They normally have four microsporangia (pollen sacs) that are arranged pair-wise in two thecae. The two microsporangia of a theca usually release their pollen grains through a common opening (stomium). Often, it is difficult to establish anther orientation clearly in a flower as this is a gradual feature with many intermediate stages. (Definition and trait values derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘311. Anther orientation (D1)’)
type: categorical
allowable values:
- apical: When thecae are positioned in a transverse position at the tip of the connective and thus dehisce upward in the flower (e.g., Sinofranchetia, Endress and Hufford, 1989).
- extrorse: When the stomia of the thecae face the floral periphery
- introrse: When the stomia of the thecae face the floral centre
- latrorse: When pollen is released toward the side (i.e., toward neighbouring anthers)

flower_colour

label: Flower colour
description: Flower colour, with six possible outcomes
type: categorical
allowable values:
- blue_purple: blue or purple
- green: green flower
- pink: pink flower
- red_brown: red or brown flower
- white_cream: white or cream flower
- yellow_orange: yellow orange flower

flower_count_maximum

label: Maximum flower number
description: Maximum flower number produced
type: numeric
units: {count}
allowable range: 0 - 1000000 {count}

flower_fertile_stamens_count

label: Number of fertile stamens
description: Count of fertile stamens in bisexual or male flowers; does not score female flowers. (Definition derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘301. Number of fertile stamens (C1)’)
type: numeric
units: {count}
allowable range: 0 - 10000 {count}

flower_filament

label: Filament presence and shape
description: Trait that considers the absence or presence of the filament, and in the latter case, the shape of the filament. Shape is considered in terms of length and width and is defined in relation to anther length/width. The width of the filament may thus either be broad as in laminar (e.g., Eupomatiaceae) or bulky stamens (e.g., Chloranthaceae), or narrow (filamentous) as found in many core eudicots groups (e.g., Rosaceae). This trait is considered inapplicable when filaments are entirely fused with each other or to the perianth. (Definition and trait values derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘305. Filament (D1)’)
type: categorical
allowable values:
- absent: No filaments present
- present_general: Filaments present, with no specific defining characteristics
- long_and_narrow: Long and narrow shape; also called filiform, slender
- short_and_narrow: Short and narrow shape; subsessile anthers
- long_and_wide: Long and wide laminar shape
- short_and_wide: Short and wide laminar shape
- long_and_very_wide: Long and very wide shape; for instance, the petal-like (outer) stamens of Nymphaea
- petaloid: Long and wide and colorful, e.g. Canna
- fused_into_synandrium: Structure formed when stamens fused together
- fused_into_fascicle_stalks: Special case where the stamens are fused into the stalk of a fascicle of flowers
- long_and_narrow_divided_in_two: Long and narrow shape that is divided in two; e.g. Adoxa
- short_general: Filament is short relative to the anther

flower_filament_fusion

label: Fusion of filaments
description: Fusion of stamen (and staminode) filaments among each other at anthesis (congenitally or postgenitally) is recorded on a continuous scale, from 0 (free filaments) to 1 (filaments fused along their entire length). Partial fusion is recorded using an approximate number between these two extremes (e.g., 0.1 corresponds to basal fusion, 0.5 to fusion along half of the length of filaments). (Definition derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘306. Fusion of filaments (C1)’)
type: numeric
units: {dimensionless}
allowable range: 0 - 1 {dimensionless}

flower_filament_fusion_to_inner_perianth

label: Fusion of filaments to inner perianth series
description: The fusion of filaments with the innermost perianth organs at anthesis on a continuous scale, from 0 (filaments completely free from perianth) to 1 (filaments fused along their entire length with the perianth; the ‘entire length’ of the filament is defined as the distance between the floral base and the joint between filament and anther). Partial fusion is recorded using an approximate number between these two extremes (e.g., 0.1 corresponds to basal fusion, 0.5 to fusion along half of the length of perianth parts). If two (or more) stamen whorls (including staminodial whorls) differ in their extent of filament fusion with the perianth, this trait is recorded as a range of values. For example, if the filaments of an outermost stamen whorl are fused, up to 90% of their length, but an inner whorl only up to 50%, the trait is assigned a range of 0.5 to 0.9. The rationale for this is to provide a general trait that allows comparison of fusion among all angiosperms. (Definition derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘308. Fusion of filaments to inner perianth series (C1)’)
type: numeric
units: {dimensionless}
allowable range: 0 - 1 {dimensionless}

flower_gynoecium_phyllotaxis

label: Gynoecium phyllotaxis
description: Structural phyllotaxy of the gynoecium. This trait is not applicable to unicarpellate flowers. (Definition and trait values derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘400. Gynoecium phyllotaxy (D1)’)
type: categorical
allowable values:
- one_whorl: Flowers with a single whorl of carpels
- two_or_more_whorls: Flowers with two or more whorls of carpels
- spiral: Flowers with carpels in a spiral arrangement

flower_gynoecium_placentation

label: Placentation
description: The different types of placentation in apocarpous/unicarpellate and in syncarpous gynoecia. In apocarpous and unicarpellate gynoecia, placentation is often described as marginal as the ovules are usually attached along the ventral slit (i.e., the zone where the carpel margins become postgenitally closed during carpel development). In syncarpous gynoecia there are three main types of placentation, 1) axile placentation refers to ovaries where the ovules are placed in the angle between carpel flanks in the center of the ovary; 2) in ovaries with parietal placentation the ovules attach to the ovary wall where two carpels meet; 3) in ovaries with free-central placentation the ovules are attached to a central column that emerges from the base of the ovary and protrudes into the non-septate ovary. It is not unusual that syncarpous gynoecia show a transition from proximally axile to a distally parietal placentation (e.g., Polemoniaceae). Basal and apical placentation may occur both in apocarpous/unicarpellate and in syncarpous gynoecia. Usually there is one longitudinal series of ovules attached to each carpel margin. However, both in apocarpous/unicarpellate and in syncarpous gynoecia there may be more than one series of ovules at the flanks of a carpel. These latter cases are referred to as laminar (or laminar-diffuse) placentation (e.g., in some Nymphaeaceae). A placenta that is protruding from its surroundings and has more than two series of ovules (either axile or parietal) is called protruding-diffuse. (Definition and trait values derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘412. Placentation (D1)’)
type: categorical
allowable values:
- axile: Ovules are placed in the angle between carpel flanks in the center of the ovary; in syncarpous gynoecia
- apical: Ovules attach at the top of the ovary; pendulous; in syncarpous gynoecia and apocarpous and unicarpellate gynoecia
- basal: Ovules attach at the base of the ovary; in syncarpous gynoecia and apocarpous and unicarpellate gynoecia
- parietal: Ovules attach to the ovary wall where two carpels meet; in syncarpous gynoecia
- marginal: Ovules attach along the ventral slit; in apocarpous and unicarpellate gynoecia
- free_central: Ovules are attached to a central column that emerges from the base of the ovary and protrudes into the non-septate ovary; in syncarpous gynoecia
- laminar: When there is more than one series of ovules at the flanks of a carpel; in syncarpous gynoecia and apocarpous and unicarpellate gynoecia

flower_N_per_dry_mass

label: Flower nitrogen (N) content per unit flower dry mass
description: Flower nitrogen (N) content per unit flower dry masshermaphrodite
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.5 - 100 mg/g

flower_ovary_fusion

label: Fusion of ovaries
description: Degree of ovary fusion expressed as a fraction of the total length of the ovary (from the floral base to the apex of the ovary). Fusion of styles and stigmas is not taken into account for this trait. Not applicable when there is a single carpel. (Definition derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘403. Fusion of ovaries (C1)’)
type: numeric
units: {dimensionless}
allowable range: 0 - 1 {dimensionless}

flower_ovary_position

label: Ovary position
description: The ovary is the part of the gynoecium where the ovules are produced. The ovary may be located on the receptacle and thus be positioned above the insertion level of the remaining floral organs (i.e., the ovary is superior and the flower is hypogynous). Alternatively, the ovary may be embedded in the receptacle and therefore be located below the insertion level of the remaining floral organs (i.e., the ovary is inferior and the flower is epigynous). Flowers with a hypanthium may either have a superior ovary (perigyny; e.g., many Rosaceae) or an inferior ovary (epiperigyny). It is also possible that the ovary is inferior to a certain degree only, such as half-inferior, if the receptacle is surrounding the ovary to its mid-level. (Definition and trait values derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘102. Ovary position (D1)’)
type: categorical
allowable values:
- inferior: Flower with inferior ovary, where the ovary is embedded in the receptacle and therefore located below the insertion level of the remaining floral organs
- superior: Flower with superior ovary, where the ovary is positioned above the insertion level of the remaining floral organs
- half_inferior: Flower where the receptacle is surrounded by the ovary to its mid-level
- one_quarter_inferior: Flower where the receptacle surrounds up to one quarter of the ovary
- three_quarters_inferior: Flower where the receptacle surrounds more than three quarters of the ovary

flower_ovules_per_functional_carpel_count

label: Number of ovules per functional carpel
description: Number of ovules per carpel recorded as a continuous character (with integer values of 1 and above). Reduced (sterile) carpels are not taken into account here. (Definition derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘411. Number of ovules per functional carpel (C1)’)
type: numeric
units: {count}
allowable range: 0 - 100000 {count}

flower_perianth_differentiation

label: Perianth differentiation
description: The ways in which perianth organs may look different from each other in a given flower. Typically, outer perianth parts are sepaloid and protect the other floral organs during floral development, while inner organs are often petaloid and play a role in pollinator attraction (Endress, 1994). However, it is also possible that all parts are either sepaloid or petaloid but remain differentiated in shape, size, and/or texture. In case of spiral perianths, differentiation may be continuous (i.e., gradual), whereby two successively initiated organs are very similar or only slightly different, while the outermost and innermost organs at both ends of the spiral are very different from each other (e.g., Chimonanthus). In the special case of perianths consisting of a single whorl, they are scored as undifferentiated. This perianth differentiation trait may be seen as both functional (the parting vs. sharing of functions among perianth parts) and developmental (the expression of a genetic program for different forms of perianth parts vs. a single program for a single type of perianth part morphology). Within-whorl differentiation, whereby organs of the same whorl take different forms, is common in zygomorphic flowers (e.g., Balsaminaceae, Fabaceae, Orchidaceae) but is not taken into account with this trait. This trait is not applicable when the perianth is absent. (Definition and trait values derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘234. Perianth differentiation (D1)’)
type: categorical
allowable values:
- undifferentiated: All tepals alike; includes a single undifferentiated whorl
- marked_differentiation_outer_sepaloid_inner_petaloid: A typical flower with calyx and corolla
- marked_differentiation_among_petaloid_tepals: All tepals alike; includes a single undifferentiated whorl
- marked_differentiation_among_sepaloid_tepals: A typical flower with calyx and corolla
- marked_differentiation: All tepals alike; includes a single undifferentiated whorl
- continuous_differentiation_outer_sepaloid_inner_petaloid: A typical flower with calyx and corolla
- continuous_differentiation_among_petaloid_tepals: All tepals alike; includes a single undifferentiated whorl
- continuous_differentiation_among_sepaloid_tepals: A typical flower with calyx and corolla
- weak_differentiation: All tepals alike; includes a single undifferentiated whorl
- very_weak_differentiation: A typical flower with calyx and corolla

flower_perianth_fusion

label: Fusion of perianth
description: Fusion of perianth organs (congenital or postgenital) at anthesis, recorded on a continuous scale, from 0 (free parts) to 1 (parts fused along their entire length). Partial fusion was recorded using an approximate number between these two extremes (e.g., 0.1 corresponds to basal fusion, 0.5 to fusion along half of the length of perianth parts). In case of multiple whorls, this trait records within-whorl fusion. For example, if organs within each whorl are fused along their entire length, a trait value of 1 is recorded. In cases where organs of two whorls are fused into a common tubular structure, such as frequently observed in monocots (e.g., Polygonatum), the perianth is considered to be fused. If the two (or more) whorls differed in their extent of fusion, a range of trait values may be recorded. For example, if the calyx is only basally fused, up to 10% of its length, but the corolla is entirely fused, a range of 0.1 to 1 is recorded as the trait value for the species. (Definition derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘204. Fusion of perianth (C1)’)
type: numeric
units: {dimensionless}
allowable range: 0 - 1 {dimensionless}

flower_perianth_merism

label: Number of perianth parts in each whorl (Perianth merism)
description: The number of perianth parts in each whorl, recorded as a continuous trait (with integer values of 1 and above). Not applicable when perianth phyllotaxis is spiral or irregular or when the perianth is absent. (Definition derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘232. Perianth merism (C1)’)
type: numeric
units: {count}
allowable range: 0 - 50 {count}

flower_perianth_parts_count

label: Number of perianth parts
description: The total number of perianth parts, including sepals, petals, or any form of tepal. A value of zero was scored when the perianth is absent. In flowers with perianth whorls fused along their complete length (e.g., Convolvulus), perianth parts are counted based on merism (e.g., if a calyx has 5 distinct sepals and the corolla is entirely fused, then the corolla is often interpreted to consist of five fused petals), anatomy (e.g., number of vascular traces), development (e.g., number of primordia), or comparison with closely related taxa. (Definition derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘201. Number of perianth parts (C1)’)
type: numeric
units: {count}
allowable range: 0 - 1000 {count}

flower_perianth_phyllotaxis

label: Perianth phyllotaxis
description: Perianth phyllotaxis at anthesis. Perianth parts may be organised in one or more whorls or along a continuous spiral, usually with wide divergence angles more or less equal to 137.5 degrees. Less frequently, perianth phyllotaxis may be irregular. Perianth phyllotaxis at anthesis may differ from phyllotaxis of perianth part primordia at their inception and it is not uncommon that spirally initiated perianths become whorled later through development. (Definition and trait values derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘230. Perianth phyllotaxy (D1)’, with more information of differentiating between trait values in this manuscript.)
type: categorical
allowable values:
- irregular: Perianth parts lacking any symmetrical organisation.
- spiral: Perianth parts organised along a continuous spiral, usually with wide divergence angles more or less equal to 137.5 degrees, the Fibonacci ‘golden angle’
- whorled: Perianth parts organised in one or more whorls

flower_perianth_symmetry

label: Symmetry of perianth
description: Trait capturing the symmetry of the perianth. This trait is applied to the perianth as a whole. In case of flowers with two or more perianth whorls, species are considered actinomorphic if all whorls are actinomorphic and as zygomorphic if one or more whorls are zygomorphic. Trait is not applicable when the perianth is missing. (Definition and trait values derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘207. Symmetry of perianth (D1)’)
type: categorical
allowable values:
- actinomorphic_general: Perianth displaying radial symmetry
- actinomorphic_rotational: Perianth that can be equally divided into three or more identical sections that, when rotated around the center of the flower by some number of degrees, exactly match each other in orientation and shape.
- actinomorphic_strictly_polysymmetric: Polysymmetry, with three or more planes of bilateral symmetry
- actinomorphic_spiral: Perianth lacking a distinct plane of symmetry because their perianth parts are spirally arranged.
- asymmetric: Perianth lacking any planes of symmetry
- disymmetric: Perianth with two orthogonal planes of bilateral symmetry
- zygomorphic: Monosymmetric, with a single plane of bilateral symmetry

flower_perianth_whorls_count

label: Number of perianth whorls
description: The number of perianth whorls as a continuous trait (with integer values of 1 and above). Not applicable when perianth phyllotaxis is spiral or irregular or when the perianth is absent. (Definition derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘231. Number of perianth whorls (C1)’)
type: numeric
units: {count}
allowable range: 0 - 15 {count}

flower_pollen_aperture_shape

label: Pollen grain aperture shape
description: Pollen grains are often described according to the shape, structure, and position of their apertures. This trait describes the main shape of the many described aperture types. Aperture terminology is partly determined by the position of the aperture on the pollen grain (either at the pole or at the equator) and pollen grain polarity, in turn, is determined by the spatial orientation of the microspore in the meiotic tetrad. (Definition and trait values derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘5002. Aperture shape (D1)’)
type: categorical
allowable values:
- absent: (uncertain)
- colporus: Pollen aperture shape that combines the groove of colpate and the pore of porate apertures
- colpus: Pollen aperture shape is elongate and grooved and may be positioned globally or equatorially
- pore: Pollen aperture shape is round and pore-like and may be positioned globally or equatorially
- ring_like: (uncertain)
- spiraperturate: Pollen grain with one or more spiral apertures
- sulcus: Pollen aperture shape is elongate and grooved and positioned at the pole
- syncolpus: Pollen grain with two or more simple (or compound) colpi, the ends of which join at the pole
- ulcus: Pollen aperture shape is round and pore-like and positioned at the pole

flower_pollen_apertures_count

label: Number of pollen grain apertures
description: A pollen aperture is a structurally delimited region of the pollen grain wall through which the pollen tube emerges during pollen germination and which plays a role in harmomegathy. Here we report the number of apertures per pollen grain as a continuous character. A value of zero is scored when pollen is inaperturate (i.e. when there is no distinct aperture). Aperturate pollen is scored with integer values of 1 and above. (Definition derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘5000. Number of apertures (C1)’)
type: numeric
units: {count}
allowable range: 0 - 100 {count}

flower_structural_carpels_count

label: CNumber of structural carpels
description: Number of fertile or sterile carpels in bisexual or female flowers, recorded as a continuous character (with integer values of 1 and above). Includes the number of co-occurring carpellodes (sterile carpels) because this number is often more easily obtained from the literature than the actual number of fertile carpels. However, the number of carpellodes in male flowers is ignored for this character. In multicarpellate, unilocular gynoecia with complete carpel fusion up to the stigma (e.g., Primula), it may be difficult to assess the number of carpels unequivocally. In such cases, the number of carpels is scored only if it is well established based on anatomical or developmental investigations. Similarly, in gynoecia where one or more carpels are reduced (e.g., in the pseudomonomerous gynoecia of some Arecaceae, Stauffer et al., 2002), the total number of structural carpels is only scored when unequivocally determined in the literature. (Definition derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘401. Number of structural carpels (C1)’)
type: numeric
units: {count}
allowable range: 0 - 10000 {count}

flower_structural_sex_type

label: Floral structural sex
description: Structural flower sex type.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- bisexual: Hermaphrodite; flowers with both male and female reproductive organs
- incompletely_unisexual: Male flowers with pistillode and/or female flowers with staminodes
- unisexual: Flowers with either male or female reproductive organs

flower_style_differentiation

label: Style differentiation
description: Presence or absence of a style, and, when present, the shape of the style in terms of length and width in relation to ovary length and width. This trait does not distinguish between fused or free styles. (Definition and trait values derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘404. Style differentiation (D1)’)
type: categorical
allowable values:
- absent: Stigma sessile
- present_length_and_shape_unknown: Style present, but shape unknown
- present_short_and_thick: Style present, and short and thick
- present_short_and_narrow: Style present, and short and narrow, including short filiform styles
- present_long_and_wide: Style present, and long and wide
- present_long_and_narrow: Style present, and long and narrow, including long filiform styles
- present_petaloid: Style present and petaloid
- continuous: When the style is an apical extension of carpel with decurrent stigma

flower_style_fusion

label: Fusion of styles
description: The degree of fusion of styles at anthesis, recorded on a continuous scale, from 0 (free styles) to 1 (styles fused along their entire length, but excluding the stigmatic region). Partial fusion is recorded using an approximate number between these two extremes (e.g., 0.1 corresponds to basal fusion, 0.5 to fusion along half of the total length of the styles). This character is not applicable in unicarpellate flowers. (Definition derived from Schoenenberger et al. (2020) for their character ‘406. Fusion of styles (C1)’)
type: numeric
units: {dimensionless}
allowable range: 0 - 1 {dimensionless}

flowering_time

label: Range of flowering period
description: Months during which taxon has open (anthetic) flowers; keyed as a sequences of 12 Ns (not flowering) and Ys (flowering) starting with January
type: categorical
allowable values:
- **:

fruit_Ca_per_dry_mass

label: Fruit calcium (Ca) content per unit fruit dry mass
description: Fruit calcium (Ca) content per unit fruit dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.5 - 100 mg/g

fruit_colour

label: Fruit colour
description: Human visible dominant colour of a fresh fruit’s exocarp (outermost layer) at maturity. If a fruit is multiple colors, they are listed as a space-delimited string.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- pink: pink
- red: red
- orange: orange
- yellow: yellow
- green: green
- blue: blue
- purple: purple
- white: white
- cream: cream
- brown: brown
- black: black
- grey: grey

fruit_dehiscence

label: Fruit dehiscence (dehiscent /indehiscent)
description: Binary variable, dividing fruits into ‘dehiscent’ versus ‘indehiscent’ based on whether the individual fruit units are dehiscent when mature.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- dehiscent: Fruits are dehiscent when mature.
- indehiscent: Fruits are indehiscent when mature.

fruit_dry_mass

label: Fruit dry mass
description: Fruit dry mass, including seeds. Fruits will generally be oven-dried.
type: numeric
units: mg
allowable range: 1e-04 - 1e+06 mg

fruit_fleshiness

label: Fruit fleshiness (fleshy / dry)
description: Binary variable, dividing entire, true fruits into ‘dry’ versus ‘fleshy’ based on whether their botanical fruit type is fleshy when mature and fresh. This trait explicitly refers to fruit fleshiness, not diaspore or seed fleshiness; diaspore fleshiness is a separate trait.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- dry: Fruits are dry when mature and fresh.
- fleshy: Fruits are fleshy when mature and fresh.

fruit_height

label: Fruit height
description: Shorter linear width dimension of a fresh fruit and generally not reported in fruits where the width and height are identical; orthogonal to the length, the base-to-apex dimension.
type: numeric
units: mm
allowable range: 0.01 - 2000 mm

fruit_K_per_dry_mass

label: Fruit potassium (K) content per unit fruit dry mass
description: Fruit potassium (K) content per unit fruit dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.5 - 100 mg/g

fruit_length

label: Fruit length
description: Linear dimension from the base to the apex of a fresh fruit, even if this is not the longest dimension.
type: numeric
units: mm
allowable range: 0.01 - 2000 mm

fruit_Mg_per_dry_mass

label: Fruit magnesium (Mg) content per unit fruit dry mass
description: Fruit magnesium (Mg) content per unit fruit dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.05 - 10 mg/g

fruit_N_per_dry_mass

label: Fruit nitrogen (N) content per unit fruit dry mass
description: Fruit nitrogen (N) content per unit fruit dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.5 - 100 mg/g

fruit_P_per_dry_mass

label: Fruit phosphorus (P) content per unit fruit dry mass
description: Fruit phosphorus (P) content per unit fruit dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.01 - 10 mg/g

fruit_S_per_dry_mass

label: Fruit sulphur (S) content per unit fruit dry mass
description: Fruit sulphur (S) content per unit fruit dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.05 - 10 mg/g

fruit_type

label: Fruit type
description: Fruit types
type: categorical
allowable values:
- achene: A simple, dry, indehiscent fruit with a single seed that is attached to the pericarp at one point only. (synonym, cypsela)
- anthocarp: A ripened ovary surrounded by attached accessory floral tissues; the floral tissues may be fleshy or dry. (synonym, accessory_fruit, pseudocarp, diclesium)
- berry: A simple, indehiscent fruit with one to many seeds embedded in a fleshy pericarp.
- capsule: A dry, dehiscent fruit composed of two or more united carpels; different types of capsules distinguished by type of dehiscence (e.g. valves, slits, pores).
- caryopsis: A simple, dry, indehiscent fruit with a single seed which is fused to the pericarp at one point only; the fruit type of all Poaceae (synonym, grain)
- compound_fruit_other: A fruit derived from more than one flower. (synonym, aggregate_fruit)
- drupe: A simple indehiscent fruit with a hard, stony endocarp and a fleshy mesocarp.
- follicle: A dry, dehiscent fruit derived from a single carpel that splits along one suture.
- legume: A dry, dehiscent fruit derived from a single carpel that splits along two sutures; applies to Fabaceae. (synonym, pod)
- legume_indehiscent: A dry, indehiscent fruit derived from a single carpel; applies to Fabaceae.
- mericarp: A fruitlet (seed-containing portion of a fruit) that is a half-carpel; the individual fruitlets separate from one another at maturity; a specific type of schizocarp. (In some datasets, term likely refers to any fruitlet derived from a portion of a schizocarp that separates at maturity, not explicitly just a half-carpel.)
- multiple_fruit: A fruit composed of several fruitlets developing from a single flower (e.g. raspberries, magnolias); fruits developing from more than one flower are included under compound (aggregate) fruits.
- nut: A simple, dry, indehiscent fruit with a single seed and a hard pericarp.
- nutlet: A diminutive of nut, referring to a simple, dry, indehiscent structure with a single seed that might be an entire fruit (nut; monocarp) or a portion of a fruit, such as the individual components derived from an apocarp (fruit with multiple unfused ovaries) or schizocarp (fruit with multiple ovaries that separate at maturity).
- pome: A fleshy fruit with the bulk of the fleshy tissue derived from flora tissue that surrounds the inferior ovary.
- pyrene: A fleshy fruit in which the seed(s) are covered by a hard layer of endocarp.
- samara: A winged, dry fruit.
- schizocarp: Category that includes all fruits derived from a compound pistil that separate into individual carpellary constituents at maturity; broad terms that includes dry and fleshy fruits, some with accessory tissues, others without. The individual seed-containing units that a schizocarp breaks apart into include mericarps, nutlets, and fruitlets.
- silique: A type of capsule (dry, dehiscent fruit) where the fruit is divided into two parts by a thin partition; more than three times as long as wide; applies to Brassicaceae (synonym, silicle, siliqua)
- strobilus: A modified reproductive shoot system found in many nonflowering plants, especially gymnosperms, comprised of overlapping bracts (scales). (synonym, cone)
- syncarp: A compound fruit produced by the adhesion of the fruits from several flowers.
- syconium: A fleshy compound fruit, in which the fruitlets are enclosed in accessory material, such as the hollow-centered fruits of Moraceae. (synonym, synconium, fig)
- utricle: A bladdery or inflated dry fruit with a single seed; essential an achene in which the pericarp is significantly larger than the mature seed.

fruit_wall_thickness

label: Fruit wall thickness
description: Fruit wall thickness of a mature fresh fruit. This term sometimes applies explicitly to the entire pericarp (exocarp + mesocarp + endocarp), but more frequently will have a functional meaning, referring to the outer fleshy layer which might be just some components of the peripcarp, most frequently the exocarp and mesocarp.
type: numeric
units: mm
allowable range: 0.01 - 1000 mm

fruit_width

label: Fruit width
description: Greatest linear width dimension of a fresh fruit, sometimes referred to as ‘diameter’ in fruits where the width and height are identical; orthogonal to the length, the base-to-apex dimension.
type: numeric
units: mm
allowable range: 0.01 - 2000 mm

fruiting_time

label: Range of fruiting time
description: Months during which taxon produces fruit with mature seeds; keyed as a sequences of 12 Ns (not flowering) and Ys (flowering) starting with January.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- **:

genome_size

label: Plant genome size
description: Mass of the plant’s genome
type: numeric
units: pg
allowable range: 0.5 - 100 pg

huber_value

label: Huber value
description: Sapwood area to leaf area ratio
type: numeric
units: mm2{sapwood}/mm2{leaf}
allowable range: 1e-06 - 0.2 mm2{sapwood}/mm2{leaf}

hydraulic_safety_margin_50

label: Hydraulic safety margin (versus 50% loss conductivity)
description: Difference between minimum observed water potential and water potential at which 50% of conductivity is lost.
type: numeric
units: MPa
allowable range: -5 - 10 MPa

leaf_absorption

label: Proportion of incoming visible light that is absorbed by the leaf
description: Proportion of incoming visible light (between 400-700 nm) that is absorbed by the leaf
type: numeric
units: umol/umol
allowable range: 0.01 - 1 umol/umol

leaf_Al_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf aluminium (Al) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf aluminium (Al) content per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/kg
allowable range: 0.01 - 12000 mg/kg

leaf_area

label: Leaf area
description: The 2-dimensional projected (scanned) area of the surface of a leaf or a leaf analogue (leaflet, cladode, phyllode).
type: numeric
units: mm2
allowable range: 0.1 - 1e+07 mm2

leaf_area_ratio

label: Leaf area ratio
description: The total leaf area of a plant divided by the plant’s total dry mass; LAR.
type: numeric
units: mm2/mg
allowable range: 0.05 - 100 mm2/mg

leaf_arrangement

label: Leaf arrangement across stem nodes.
description: Leaf arrangement across stem nodes, indicating the 3-dimensional arrangement of leaves along the length of the stem.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- decussate: When sequential pairs of opposite leaves attach at right angles to the pair above or below.
- distichous: When alternate or opposite leaves are arranged in two opposite rows.
- spiral: When alternate leaves are attached in a progressive spiral pattern along the stem.
- fasciculate: A tight bundle or cluster of leaves attached to the stem in a single location, generally due to the shortening of internodes.
- crowded: When internode length varies considerably along a stem, such that leaves appear crowded or tufted.

leaf_ash_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf ash content per dry mass
description: Leaf ash content per dry mass, where leaf ash is the component of the leaf remaining after combustion.
type: numeric
units: g/g
allowable range: 0.01 - 100 g/g

leaf_axil_angle

label: Angle between a leaf and stem
description: The angle between a shoot and a leaf that branches from the shoot axis.
type: numeric
units: deg
allowable range: 0 - 180 deg

leaf_B_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf boron (B) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf boron (B) content per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/kg
allowable range: 0.01 - 1000 mg/kg

leaf_base_shape

label: Leaf base shape
description: The shape of the basal margin of a leaf.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- attenuate: Basal leaf margin abruptly incurved (concave), the two sides intersecting at an angle of less than 45°.
- auriculate: Basal leaf margin with two rounded lobes. The leaf margin above the lobes is concave. The petiole attaches in the incised region between the lobes.
- cuneate: Basal leaf margin approximately straight, the two sides intersecting at an angle between 45° to 90°.
- hastate: Basal leaf margin with two lobes oriented outward, such that they are at approximately 90° relative to the central axis and the leaf margin is fairly flat at the base.
- sagittate: Basal leaf margin with two lobes oriented downward, away from apex. The petiole attaches in the concave region between the lobes.

leaf_C_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf carbon (C) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf carbon (C) content per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 50 - 750 mg/g

leaf_Ca_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf calcium (Ca) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf calcium (Ca) content per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.01 - 1000 mg/g

leaf_carotenoid_per_area

label: Leaf carotenoid content per unit leaf area
description: Leaf carotenoid content per unit leaf area
type: numeric
units: umol/m2
allowable range: 10 - 1000 umol/m2

leaf_carotenoid_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf carotenoid content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf carotenoid content per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: mmol/kg
allowable range: 0.1 - 10 mmol/kg

leaf_cell_wall_fraction

label: Leaf cell wall fraction (fraction of cell wall material recovered from total leaf biomass)
description: Fraction of total leaf biomass that is cell wall material
type: numeric
units: mg/mg
allowable range: 0.1 - 1 mg/mg

leaf_cell_wall_N_per_cell_wall_dry_mass

label: Leaf cell wall nitrogen concentration
description: Proportion of leaf cell wall material that is nitrogen
type: numeric
units: mmol{N}/g
allowable range: 0.1 - 10 mmol{N}/g

leaf_cell_wall_N_per_leaf_N

label: Leaf cell wall nitrogen fraction
description: Proportion of all N in leaves that is found in the leaf cell walls
type: numeric
units: mg/mg
allowable range: 0.01 - 1 mg/mg

leaf_cellulose_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf cellulose per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf cellulose per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/mg
allowable range: 0.01 - 1 mg/mg

leaf_chlorophyll_A_B_ratio

label: Ratio of leaf chlorophyll A to chlorophyll B
description: Ratio of leaf chlorophyll A to chlorophyll B
type: numeric
units: umol/umol
allowable range: 0.1 - 6 umol/umol

leaf_chlorophyll_A_per_area

label: Leaf chlorophyll A content per leaf area
description: Leaf chlorophyll A content per leaf area
type: numeric
units: umol/m2
allowable range: 50 - 2000 umol/m2

leaf_chlorophyll_A_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf chlorophyll A content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf chlorophyll A content per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: mmol/kg
allowable range: 0.1 - 10 mmol/kg

leaf_chlorophyll_B_per_area

label: Leaf chlorophyll B content per leaf area
description: Leaf chlorophyll B content per leaf area
type: numeric
units: umol/m2
allowable range: 10 - 1000 umol/m2

leaf_chlorophyll_B_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf chlorophyll B content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf chlorophyll B content per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: mmol/kg
allowable range: 0.01 - 10 mmol/kg

leaf_chlorophyll_per_area

label: Sum of chlorophyll A and B per leaf area
description: Sum of chlorophyll A and B per leaf area
type: numeric
units: umol/m2
allowable range: 10 - 2000 umol/m2

leaf_chlorophyll_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf chlorophyll content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf chlorophyll content per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: mmol/kg
allowable range: 0.1 - 15 mmol/kg

leaf_chloroplast_CO2_concentration

label: CO2 concentration inside chloroplasts
description: CO2 concentration inside chloroplasts
type: numeric
units: umol{CO2}/umol
allowable range: 50 - 1000 umol{CO2}/umol

leaf_Cl_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf chlorine (Cl) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf chlorine (Cl) content per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/kg
allowable range: 10 - 10000 mg/kg

leaf_CN_ratio

label: Leaf carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio
description: Leaf carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio
type: numeric
units: g/g
allowable range: 10 - 1000 g/g

leaf_Co_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf cobalt (Co) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf cobalt (Co) content per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: ppm
allowable range: 0.01 - 150 ppm

leaf_compoundness

label: Leaf compoundness
description: A binary trait that indicates whether a leaf lamina is simple or divided into discontinuous leaflets (compound).
type: categorical
allowable values:
- simple: A leaf with a single undivided blade. [PO:0020042]
- compound: A leaf that is divided into multiple leaflets. [PO:0020043]

leaf_Cr_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf chromium (Cr) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf chromium (Cr) content per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: ppm
allowable range: 0.01 - 150 ppm

leaf_Cu_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf copper (Cu) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf copper (Cu) content per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/kg
allowable range: 0.01 - 150 mg/kg

leaf_cuticle_thickness_abaxial

label: Lower cuticle thickness
description: Thickness of the lower cuticle
type: numeric
units: um
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 um

leaf_cuticle_thickness_adaxial

label: Upper cuticle thickness
description: Thickness of the upper cuticle
type: numeric
units: um
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 um

leaf_dark_respiration_per_area

label: Leaf respiration rate per unit leaf area, in the dark
description: Leaf respiration rate per unit leaf area, in the dark
type: numeric
units: umol{CO2}/m2/s
allowable range: 0.001 - 15 umol{CO2}/m2/s

leaf_dark_respiration_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf respiration rate per unit leaf dry mass, in the dark
description: Leaf respiration rate per unit leaf dry mass, in the dark
type: numeric
units: umol{CO2}/g/s
allowable range: 0.001 - 1 umol{CO2}/g/s

leaf_dark_transpiration_per_area

label: Leaf transpiration rate per unit leaf area, in the dark
description: Leaf transpiration rate per unit leaf area, in the dark
type: numeric
units: mmol{H2O}/m2/s
allowable range: 1e-04 - 10000 mmol{H2O}/m2/s

leaf_delta13C

label: Leaf carbon (C) isotope signature (delta 13C)
description: Leaf carbon stable isotope signature
type: numeric
units: {delta}[ppth]
allowable range: -50 - 0 {delta}[ppth]

leaf_delta15N

label: Leaf nitrogen (N) isotope signature (delta 15N)
description: Leaf nitrogen stable isotope signature
type: numeric
units: {delta}[ppth]
allowable range: -25 - 75 {delta}[ppth]

leaf_delta18O

label: Leaf oxygen (O) isotope signature (delta 18O)
description: Leaf oxygen stable isotope signature
type: numeric
units: {delta}[ppth]
allowable range: -10 - 50 {delta}[ppth]

leaf_density

label: Leaf tissue density
description: Leaf tissue density
type: numeric
units: mg/mm3
allowable range: 0.05 - 1.1 mg/mm3

leaf_dry_mass

label: Leaf dry mass
description: The oven dry mass of a leaf or leaf analogue (leaflet, cladode, phyllode).
type: numeric
units: mg
allowable range: 0.01 - 15000 mg

leaf_dry_matter_content

label: Leaf dry mass per unit leaf fresh mass (Leaf dry matter content, LDMC)
description: Leaf dry mass per unit leaf fresh mass. (See also leaf_water_content_per_mass, the ratio of water content to leaf dry mass, recorded by some studies.)
type: numeric
units: g/g
allowable range: 0.001 - 2 g/g

leaf_epidermal_cell_density_abaxial

label: Epidermal cell density on the lower leaf surface
description: Epidermal cell density on the lower leaf surface
type: numeric
units: {count}/mm2
allowable range: 100 - 10000 {count}/mm2

leaf_epidermal_cell_density_adaxial

label: Epidermal cell density on the upper leaf surface
description: Epidermal cell density on the upper leaf surface
type: numeric
units: {count}/mm2
allowable range: 100 - 10000 {count}/mm2

leaf_epidermal_cell_density_both_sides

label: Epidermal cell density averaged across the upper and lower leaf surfaces
description: Epidermal cell density averaged across the upper and lower leaf surfaces
type: numeric
units: {count}/mm2
allowable range: 100 - 10000 {count}/mm2

leaf_epidermis_Ca_per_fresh_mass

label: Ca content of epidermal cells
description: Ca content of epidermal cells
type: numeric
units: umol/g
allowable range: 1 - 500 umol/g

leaf_epidermis_P_per_fresh_mass

label: P content of epidermal cells
description: P content of epidermal cells
type: numeric
units: umol/g
allowable range: 0 - 10 umol/g

leaf_epidermis_thickness

label: Thickness of the epidermis, leaf surface not specified
description: Thickness of the epidermis, leaf surface not specified
type: numeric
units: um
allowable range: 1 - 100 um

leaf_epidermis_thickness_abaxial

label: Thickness of the epidermis on the lower leaf surface
description: Thickness of the epidermis on the lower leaf surface
type: numeric
units: um
allowable range: 1 - 100 um

leaf_epidermis_thickness_adaxial

label: Thickness of the epidermis on the upper leaf surface
description: Thickness of the epidermis on the upper leaf surface
type: numeric
units: um
allowable range: 1 - 100 um

leaf_Fe_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf iron (Fe) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf iron (Fe) content per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/kg
allowable range: 1 - 10000 mg/kg

leaf_fluorescence_fv_over_fm

label: Fv/Fm
description: Chlorophyll fluorescence measurement that indicates whether plant stress affects photo-system II in a dark adapted state
type: numeric
units: {dimensionless}
allowable range: 0.2 - 1 {dimensionless}

leaf_fresh_mass

label: Leaf fresh mass
description: The fresh mass of a leaf or leaf analogue (leaflet, cladode, phyllode).
type: numeric
units: mg
allowable range: 0.1 - 30000 mg

leaf_fresh_mass_per_area

label: Leaf fresh mass per leaf area
description: The ratio of leaf fresh mass to leaf area, measured on an entire leaf including the petiole.
type: numeric
units: g/m2
allowable range: 200 - 2000 g/m2

leaf_glaucousness

label: Whether mature leaves are glaucous
description: Variable describing whether or not mature adult phase leaves have a glaucous appearance, the colour due to being covered with a smooth, usually whitish to bluish epicuticular wax that can easily be rubbed off.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- glaucous: Mature (fully expanded) leaves on adult plants have a waxy coating, giving them a glaucous appearance.
- not_glaucous: Mature (fully expanded) leaves on adult plants do not have a glaucous appearance.

leaf_guard_cell_length

label: Guard cell length
description: Length of guard cells
type: numeric
units: um
allowable range: 10 - 200 um

leaf_hairs_adult_leaves

label: Presence of hairs on mature (fully expanded) leaves
description: Variable describing whether or not mature (fully expanded) adult phase leaves on adult plants have hairs (trichomes).
type: categorical
allowable values:
- glabrous: Mature (fully expanded) leaves on adult plants do not have hairs (trichomes).
- hairy: Mature (fully expanded) leaves on adult plants have hairs (trichomes).

leaf_hairs_immature_leaves

label: Presence of hairs on immature (still expanding) leaves
description: Variable describing whether or not immature (still expanding) adult phase leaves on adult plants have hairs (trichomes).
type: categorical
allowable values:
- glabrous: Immature (still expanding) leaves do not have hairs (trichomes).
- hairy: Immature (still expanding) leaves have hairs (trichomes).

leaf_hairs_juvenile_leaves

label: Presence of hairs on juvenile phase leaves
description: Variable describing whether or not fully expanded juvenile phase leaves (on adult or juvenile plants) have hairs (trichomes).
type: categorical
allowable values:
- glabrous: Juvenile phase leaves do not have hairs (trichomes).
- hairy: Juvenile phase leaves have hairs (trichomes).

leaf_hydraulic_vulnerability

label: Leaf hydraulic vulnerability
description: Leaf water potential value at which leaf hydraulic conductance has declined by 50% from the mean maximum rate
type: numeric
units: MPa
allowable range: 0.001 - 40 MPa

leaf_hypodermis_Ca_per_fresh_mass

label: Ca content of hypodermis cells
description: Ca content of hypodermis cells
type: numeric
units: umol/g
allowable range: 1 - 500 umol/g

leaf_hypodermis_P_per_fresh_mass

label: P content of hypodermis cells
description: P content of hypodermis cells
type: numeric
units: umol/g
allowable range: 0 - 10 umol/g

leaf_hypodermis_thickness_abaxial

label: Lower hypodermis thickness
description: Thickness of the lower hypodermis
type: numeric
units: um
allowable range: 1 - 100 um

leaf_hypodermis_thickness_adaxial

label: Upper hypodermis thickness
description: Thickness of the upper hypodermis
type: numeric
units: um
allowable range: 1 - 100 um

leaf_inclination_angle

label: Leaf inclination angle, relative to horizontal
description: The inclination angle of the upper (adaxial) leaf lamina surface relative to a horizontal plane, such that a leaf surface facing the solar zenith has an angle of 0.
type: numeric
units: deg
allowable range: -90 - 90 deg

leaf_insoluble_protein_per_area

label: Insoluble protein per leaf area
description: Mass of insoluble protein per leaf area
type: numeric
units: g/m2
allowable range: 0.1 - 20 g/m2

leaf_intercellular_CO2_concentration_at_Aambient

label: internal CO2 concentration under ambient conditions
description: CO2 concentration in interstitial spaces under ambient conditions
type: numeric
units: umol{CO2}/mol
allowable range: 50 - 1300 umol{CO2}/mol

leaf_intercellular_CO2_concentration_at_Amax

label: internal CO2 concentration during Amax measurement
description: CO2 concentration in interstitial spaces during Amax measurement
type: numeric
units: umol{CO2}/mol
allowable range: 50 - 2100 umol{CO2}/mol

leaf_intercellular_CO2_concentration_at_Asat

label: internal CO2 concentration during Asat measurement
description: CO2 concentration in interstitial spaces during Asat measurement
type: numeric
units: umol{CO2}/mol
allowable range: 10 - 1300 umol{CO2}/mol

leaf_intercellular_CO2_concentration_to_atmospheric_CO2_concentration_ratio

label: Ratio of internal to external CO2 concentrations
description: Ratio of internal to external CO2 concentrations
type: numeric
units: umol{CO2_internal}/umol{CO2_ambient}
allowable range: 0 - 1.3 umol{CO2_internal}/umol{CO2_ambient}

leaf_internal_parenchyma_Ca_per_fresh_mass

label: Ca content of internal parenchyma cells
description: Ca content of internal parenchyma cells
type: numeric
units: umol/g
allowable range: 1 - 500 umol/g

leaf_internal_parenchyma_P_per_fresh_mass

label: P content of internal parenchyma cells
description: P content of internal parenchyma cells
type: numeric
units: umol/g
allowable range: 0 - 10 umol/g

leaf_K_per_area

label: Leaf potassium (K) content per unit leaf area
description: Leaf potassium (K) content per unit leaf area
type: numeric
units: g/m2
allowable range: 0.1 - 10 g/m2

leaf_K_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf potassium (K) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf potassium (K) content per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 mg/g

leaf_lamina_division

label: Leaf divisions
description: A trait that captures the types of lobed leaves and compound leaves, including the arrangement of the lobes or leaflets relative to the midrib or other primary veins and the number of orders of axes across which there are incisions or divisions.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- pinnately_lobed: Leaf with divisions that are symmetrical across a central axis, usually the midvein.
- palmately_lobed: Leaf with divisions that radiate from a single point, usually the basal junction of major veins.
- pinnatifid: Leaf with lobes that extend less than half-way to the midrib.
- bipinnatifid: Leaf that is twice pinnatifid, with two series of lobes that extend less than half-way to the midrib.
- pinnatipartite: Leaf with lobes that extend more than half-way to the midrib.
- pinnatisect: Leaf with lobes that extend nearly to the midrib, but the divisions are not separated into distinct leaflets.
- bipinnatipartite: Leaf that is twice pinnatipartite, with two series of lobes that extend more than half-way to the midrib.
- bipinnatisect: Leaf that is twice pinnatisect, with two series of lobes that extend nearly to the midrib, but the divisions are not separated into distinct leaflets.
- trichotomously_divided: Leaf divided repeatedly into three lobes.
- dichotomously_divided: Leaf divided repeatedly into two lobes.
- bipartite: Leaf divided into two lobes.
- tripartite: Leaf divided into three lobes.
- pinnately_divided: Leaf divided into leaflets that attach along a central axis. [PATO_0000410]
- palmately_divided: Leaf divided into leaflets that attach to a central point. (synonym, digitate)
- bipinnate: Leaf that is twice pinnate, having pinnate leaflets that are themselves pinnately divided.
- tripinnate: Leaf that is three times pinnate, with pinnate leaflets that are twice more pinnately divided.
- trifoliate: Leaf divided into three leaflets. (synonym, ternate, trifoliolate)

leaf_lamina_mass_per_area

label: Leaf lamina mass per area
description: The ratio of leaf dry mass to leaf area, measured on a piece of the leaf lamina that does not include the petiole or major veins.
type: numeric
units: g/m2
allowable range: 1 - 1000 g/m2

leaf_length

label: Leaf length
description: Length of a leaf (including the petiole) or a leaf analogue, from the leaf apex to the leaf axil (base).
type: numeric
units: mm
allowable range: 0.1 - 1e+05 mm

leaf_lifespan

label: Leaf lifespan (longevity)
description: Duration of time that an individual leaf is attached to the stem and physiologically functional.
type: numeric
units: mo
allowable range: 1 - 1000 mo

leaf_light_respiration_per_area

label: Leaf respiration rate per unit leaf area, in the light
description: Leaf respiration rate per unit leaf area, in the light
type: numeric
units: umol{CO2}/m2/s
allowable range: 1e-05 - 10000 umol{CO2}/m2/s

leaf_lignin_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf lignin per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf lignin per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/mg
allowable range: 0.01 - 1 mg/mg

leaf_lobation

label: Leaf lobation
description: A trait that indicates whether or not a leaf lamina displays any divisions or dissections on a 2-dimensional plane that extend greater than 1/8 of the distance to the midrib.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- unlobed: Leaf margin lacks projections or indentations that extend more than 1/8 of the distance to the midrib.
- lobed: Leaf margin has incisions, either rounded or sharp-tipped, that extend more than 1/8 of the distance to the midrib.
- lobed_deep: Leaf margin with lobes that extend more than halfway to the midrib. (synonym, parted, divided)
- lobed_shallow: Leaf margin with lobes that extend less than halfway to the midrib. (synonym, cleft)

leaf_major_vein_density

label: Length of all leaf lamina veins per unit area.
description: The length of major leaf lamina veins per unit leaf area, where primary, secondary and tertiary leaf lamina veins are considered major veins.
type: numeric
units: mm/mm2
allowable range: 0.01 - 20 mm/mm2

leaf_margin

label: Leaf margin
description: Shape of the leaf margin, referencing incisions or projections in the outermost 1/8 of the leaf lamina.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- entire: Leaf margin lacks projections or indentations that extend less than 1/8 of the distance to the midrib.
- toothed: Leaf margin has small projections or lobes along the edge of the leaf lamina. This is a broad term that includes serrate, dentate, and crenulate.
- toothed_serrate: Type of toothed leaf margin with sharp teeth that are angled toward the tip of the leaf. (synonym, saw-toothed)
- toothed_dentate: Type of toothed leaf margin with sharp teeth that point outwards at right angles to the leaf margin.
- toothed_crenate: Type of toothed leaf margin with teeth that are rounded or obtuse, rather than having a sharp apex. [PO:0025519]

leaf_margin_posture

label: Leaf margin posture
description: The posture (curvature or curling) of the leaf margin.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- revolute: Leaf margins along the side of the leaf are rolled under or downward. [PATO:0001963]
- recurved: Leaf tip is curved outward or downward. [PATO:0002211]
- flat: Leaf lamina, including margins, is a flat plane. [PATO:0000407]

leaf_mass_fraction

label: Leaf mass fraction
description: Ratio of leaf dry mass to total plant dry mass
type: numeric
units: g/g
allowable range: 0.01 - 1 g/g

leaf_mass_per_area

label: Leaf mass per area
description: The ratio of leaf dry mass to leaf area, measured on an entire leaf including the petiole; LMA. (The inverse of specific leaf area, SLA.)
type: numeric
units: g/m2
allowable range: 1 - 3000 g/m2

leaf_mass_to_stem_mass_ratio

label: Ratio of leaf dry mass to stem dry mass
description: Ratio of leaf dry mass to stem dry mass
type: numeric
units: g/g
allowable range: 0.01 - 10 g/g

leaf_mesophyll_conductance_per_area

label: Mesophyll conductance per unit leaf area
description: Rate of CO2 movement between chloroplasts and sub-stomatal cavities (intracellular space), per unit leaf area
type: numeric
units: mmol{CO2}/g/s
allowable range: 0.01 - 1 mmol{CO2}/g/s

leaf_mesophyll_conductance_per_mass

label: Mesophyll conductance per unit leaf mass
description: Rate of CO2 movement between chloroplasts and sub-stomatal cavities (intracellular space), per unit leaf mass
type: numeric
units: mol{CO2}/m2/s
allowable range: 0.01 - 10 mol{CO2}/m2/s

leaf_Mg_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf magnesium (Mg) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf magnesium (Mg) content per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.01 - 10000 mg/g

leaf_Mn_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf manganese (Mn) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf manganese (Mn) content per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/kg
allowable range: 1 - 20000 mg/kg

leaf_Mo_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf molybdenum (Mo) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf molybdenum (Mo) content per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/kg
allowable range: 0 - 100 mg/kg

leaf_N_per_area

label: Leaf nitrogen (N) content per unit leaf area
description: Leaf nitrogen (N) content per unit leaf area
type: numeric
units: g/m2
allowable range: 0.15 - 50 g/m2

leaf_N_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf nitrogen (N) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf nitrogen (N) content per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.5 - 100 mg/g

leaf_N_resorption

label: Nitrogen resorption from leaves
description: Nitrogen resorption from leaves
type: numeric
units: mg/mg
allowable range: -1.1 - 1 mg/mg

leaf_Na_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf sodium (Na) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf sodium (Na) content per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/kg
allowable range: 1 - 20000 mg/kg

leaf_Ni_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf nickel (Ni) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf nickel (Ni) content per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/kg
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 mg/kg

leaf_NP_ratio

label: Ratio of N to P per unit leaf dry mass
description: Ratio of N to P per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: g/g
allowable range: 1 - 100 g/g

leaf_P_per_area

label: Leaf phosphorus (P) content per unit leaf area
description: Leaf phosphorus (P) content per unit leaf area
type: numeric
units: g/m2
allowable range: 0.005 - 1.2 g/m2

leaf_P_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf phosphorus (P) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf phosphorus (P) content per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.03 - 12 mg/g

leaf_P_resorption

label: Phosphorus resorption from leaves
description: Phosphorus resorption from leaves
type: numeric
units: mg/mg
allowable range: -1.1 - 1 mg/mg

leaf_palisade_cell_length

label: Length of individual palisade cells
description: Length of individual palisade cells
type: numeric
units: um
allowable range: 10 - 1000 um

leaf_palisade_cell_thickness_abaxial

label: Lower palisade cell thickness
description: Thickness (length) of lower palisade cells
type: numeric
units: um
allowable range: 10 - 1000 um

leaf_palisade_cell_thickness_adaxial

label: Upper palisade cell thickness
description: Thickness (length) of upper palisade cells
type: numeric
units: um
allowable range: 10 - 1000 um

leaf_palisade_cell_width

label: Width of individual palisade cells
description: Width of individual palisade cells
type: numeric
units: um
allowable range: 1 - 50 um

leaf_palisade_layer_number

label: Number of layers of palisade cells
description: Number of layers of palisade cells
type: numeric
units: {count}
allowable range: 1 - 10 {count}

leaf_palisade_mesophyll_Ca_per_fresh_mass

label: Ca content of palisade mesophyll cells
description: Ca content of palisade mesophyll cells
type: numeric
units: umol/g
allowable range: 1 - 100 umol/g

leaf_palisade_mesophyll_P_per_fresh_mass

label: P content of palisade mesophyll cells
description: P content of palisade mesophyll cells
type: numeric
units: umol/g
allowable range: 0 - 30 umol/g

leaf_pendulousness

label: Pendulous leaves
description: Binary variable describing whether or not leaves are pendulous, hanging loosely downward and possessing the ability to flutter.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- pendulous: Leaves are pendulous.
- not_pendulous: Leaves are not pendulous.

leaf_phenol_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf phenol content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf phenol content, measured as gallic acid equivalents (GAE), per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 1 - 500 mg/g

leaf_phenology

label: Leaf phenology type
description: Trait indicating whether a plant retains a leaf canopy throughout the year and what environmental cues are associated with canopy shedding.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- deciduous: Plant loses its entire leaf canopy for part of the year, in response to either drought or cold.
- evergreen: Plant retains a leaf canopy throughout the year.
- cold_deciduous: Plant loses its entire leaf canopy for part of the year, in response to cold.
- drought_deciduous: Plant loses its entire leaf canopy for part of the year, in response to drought.
- facultative_drought_deciduous: Plant sometimes loses its leaf canopy for part of the year, in response to drought.
- semi_deciduous: Plant thins, but does not entirely lose, its leaf canopy in response to an environmental cue, usually drought.
- brevi_deciduous: Plant briefly loses its entire leaf canopy, but flushes a new leaf canopy almost simultaneously to leaf loss.

leaf_photochemical_reflectance_index

label: Photochemical Reflectance Index
description: Photochemical reflectance index measures plant responses to stress, by indicating changes in carotenoid pigments in live foliage.
type: numeric
units: umol/umol
allowable range: -1 - 1 umol/umol

leaf_photosynthesis_Jmax_over_Vcmax

label: Ratio of photosynthetic electron transport capacity to maximum Rubisco activity, measured through chlorophyll fluorescence
description: Ratio of photosynthetic electron transport capacity to maximum Rubisco activity, measured through chlorophyll fluorescence; this is the maximum quantum yield of PSII (Maxwell & Johnson 2000, doi.org/10.1093/jexbot/51.345.659)
type: numeric
units: {dimensionless}
allowable range: 0 - 5 {dimensionless}

leaf_photosynthesis_Jmax_per_area

label: Capacity for photosynthetic electron transport, calculated from an A-Ci response curve, on an area basis
description: Capacity for photosynthetic electron transport, calculated from an A-Ci response curve, on an area basis
type: numeric
units: umol/m2/s
allowable range: 1 - 500 umol/m2/s

leaf_photosynthesis_Jmax_per_mass

label: Capacity for photosynthetic electron transport, measured through chlorophyll fluorescence, on a per mass basis
description: Capacity for photosynthetic electron transport, measured through chlorophyll fluorescence, on a per mass basis
type: numeric
units: umol/g/s
allowable range: 0 - 3 umol/g/s

leaf_photosynthesis_Vcmax_per_area

label: Maximum carboxylase activity of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), measured through chlorophyll fluorescence, on a per mass basis
description: Maximum carboxylase activity of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), calculated from an A-Ci response curve, on an area basis
type: numeric
units: umol/m2/s
allowable range: 10 - 500 umol/m2/s

leaf_photosynthesis_Vcmax_per_mass

label: Maximum carboxylase activity of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), measured through chlorophyll fluorescence, on a per mass basis
description: Maximum carboxylase activity of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), measured through chlorophyll fluorescence, on a per mass basis
type: numeric
units: umol/g/s
allowable range: 0 - 1 umol/g/s

leaf_photosynthetic_nitrogen_use_efficiency_maximum

label: Leaf photosynthesis rate per unit leaf nitrogen (N) content (photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency, PNUE) at saturating light and CO2 conditions
description: Ratio of photosynthesis (CO2 assimilation rate) to leaf nitrogen content at saturating light and CO2 conditions
type: numeric
units: umol{CO2}/mol{N}/s
allowable range: 1 - 1000 umol{CO2}/mol{N}/s

leaf_photosynthetic_nitrogen_use_efficiency_saturated

label: Leaf photosynthesis rate per unit leaf nitrogen (N) content (photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency, PNUE) at saturating light conditions but ambient CO2 conditions
description: Ratio of photosynthesis (CO2 assimilation rate) to leaf nitrogen content at saturating light conditions but ambient CO2 conditions
type: numeric
units: umol{CO2}/mol{N}/s
allowable range: 1 - 1000 umol{CO2}/mol{N}/s

leaf_photosynthetic_phosphorus_use_efficiency_maximum

label: Leaf photosynthesis rate per unit leaf phosphorus (P) content (photosynthetic phosphorus use efficiency, PPUE) at saturating light and CO2 conditions
description: Ratio of photosynthesis (CO2 assimilation rate) to leaf phosphorus content at saturating light and CO2 conditions
type: numeric
units: umol{CO2}/mol{P}/s
allowable range: 100 - 1e+05 umol{CO2}/mol{P}/s

leaf_photosynthetic_phosphorus_use_efficiency_saturated

label: Leaf photosynthesis rate per unit leaf phosphorus (P) content (photosynthetic phosphorus use efficiency, PPUE) at saturating light conditions but ambient CO2 conditions
description: Ratio of photosynthesis (CO2 assimilation rate) to leaf phosphorus content at saturating light conditions but ambient CO2 conditions
type: numeric
units: umol{CO2}/mol{P}/s
allowable range: 10 - 1e+05 umol{CO2}/mol{P}/s

leaf_photosynthetic_rate_per_area_ambient

label: Leaf photosynthesis rate per unit leaf area
description: Rate at which a plant consumes carbon dioxide through photosynthesis, per unit leaf area
type: numeric
units: umol{CO2}/m2/s
allowable range: 0.25 - 50 umol{CO2}/m2/s

leaf_photosynthetic_rate_per_area_maximum

label: Leaf photosynthesis rate per unit leaf area at saturating light and CO2 conditions
description: Rate at which a plant consumes carbon dioxide through photosynthesis at saturating light and CO2 conditions, per unit leaf area
type: numeric
units: umol{CO2}/m2/s
allowable range: 0.25 - 85 umol{CO2}/m2/s

leaf_photosynthetic_rate_per_area_saturated

label: Leaf photosynthesis rate per unit leaf area at saturating light conditions
description: Rate at which a plant consumes carbon dioxide through photosynthesis at saturating light conditions but ambient CO2 conditions, per unit leaf area
type: numeric
units: umol{CO2}/m2/s
allowable range: 0.01 - 100 umol{CO2}/m2/s

leaf_photosynthetic_rate_per_dry_mass_ambient

label: Leaf photosynthesis rate per unit leaf dry mass
description: Maximum rate at which a plant consumes carbon dioxide through photosynthesis, per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: umol{CO2}/g/s
allowable range: 0.01 - 1 umol{CO2}/g/s

leaf_photosynthetic_rate_per_dry_mass_maximum

label: Leaf photosynthesis rate per unit leaf dry mass at saturating light and CO2 conditions
description: Maximum rate at which a plant consumes carbon dioxide through photosynthesis at saturating light and CO2 conditions, per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: umol{CO2}/g/s
allowable range: 0.01 - 1 umol{CO2}/g/s

leaf_photosynthetic_rate_per_dry_mass_saturated

label: Leaf photosynthesis rate per unit leaf dry mass at saturating light conditions
description: Maximum rate at which a plant consumes carbon dioxide through photosynthesis at saturating light conditions but ambient CO2 conditions, per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: umol{CO2}/g/s
allowable range: 0.001 - 1 umol{CO2}/g/s

leaf_phyllotaxis

label: Leaf phyllotaxis
description: Leaf arrangement at a stem node, indicating the relative number and position of leaves at a single stem note.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- alternate: A single leaf is attached at each stem node.
- opposite: A pair of leaves are attached opposite to one another at each stem node.
- whorled: Three or more leaves are attached at each stem node, arranged in a symmetrical pattern around the stem. (synonym, verticillate)

leaf_posture_numeric

label: Leaf lamina posture (3-dimensionality)
description: The maximum perpendicular height of a leaf when positioned on a flat surface.
type: numeric
units: mm
allowable range: 0 - 100 mm

leaf_reflectance

label: Proportion of incoming visible light that is reflected by the leaf
description: Proportion of incoming visible light (between 400-700 nm) that is reflected by the leaf
type: numeric
units: umol/umol
allowable range: 0.01 - 1 umol/umol

leaf_reflectance_near_infrared

label: Proportion of incoming near infra-red light that is reflected by the leaf
description: Proportion of incoming near infra-red light (between 750-10500 nm) that is reflected by the leaf
type: numeric
units: umol/umol
allowable range: 0.1 - 1 umol/umol

leaf_relative_water_content_at_turgor_loss_point

label: Leaf relative water content at turgor loss point
description: Ratio of water in a fresh leaf to water in a leaf at turgor loss; calculated from a pressure-volume curve.
type: numeric
units: g/g
allowable range: 0.1 - 1 g/g

leaf_relative_water_content_predawn

label: Leaf relative water content predawn
description: Ratio of water in a fresh leaf to water in a saturated leaf; measured pre-dawn
type: numeric
units: g/g
allowable range: 0.1 - 1.4 g/g

leaf_rubisco_N_per_total_leaf_N

label: Percentage of N accounted for by Rubisco
description: Percentage of N accounted for by Rubisco
type: numeric
units: g/g
allowable range: 5 - 50 g/g

leaf_rubisco_per_leaf_dry_mass

label: N content of Rubisco
description: Concentration of Rubisco
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 5 - 50 mg/g

leaf_S_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf sulphur (S) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf sulphur (S) content per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/kg
allowable range: 50 - 50000 mg/kg

leaf_sclerenchyma_Ca_per_fresh_mass

label: Ca content of sclerenchyma cells
description: Ca content of sclerenchyma cells
type: numeric
units: umol/g
allowable range: 1 - 100 umol/g

leaf_sclerenchyma_P_per_fresh_mass

label: P content of sclerenchyma cells
description: P content of sclerenchyma cells
type: numeric
units: umol/g
allowable range: 0 - 10 umol/g

leaf_Se_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf selenium (Se) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf selenium (Se) content per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: ppm
allowable range: 0.01 - 100 ppm

leaf_secondary_vein_angle

label: Angle of secondary veins
description: Angle between a leaf’s secondary vein and its primary vein (midrib).
type: numeric
units: deg
allowable range: 0 - 180 deg

leaf_senesced_Al_per_dry_mass

label: Senesced leaf aluminium (Al) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Senesced leaf aluminium (Al) content per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.01 - 10 mg/g

leaf_senesced_B_per_dry_mass

label: Senesced leaf boron (B) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Senesced leaf boron (B) content per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.001 - 10 mg/g

leaf_senesced_C_per_dry_mass

label: Senesced leaf carbon (C) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Senesced leaf carbon (C) content per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: g/g
allowable range: 10 - 100 g/g

leaf_senesced_Ca_per_dry_mass

label: Senesced leaf calcium (Ca) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Senesced leaf calcium (Ca) content per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.01 - 1000 mg/g

leaf_senesced_Cu_per_dry_mass

label: Senesced leaf copper (Cu) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Senesced leaf copper (Cu) content per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/kg
allowable range: 0.01 - 100 mg/kg

leaf_senesced_Fe_per_dry_mass

label: Senesced leaf iron (Fe) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Senesced leaf iron (Fe) content per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/kg
allowable range: 1 - 10000 mg/kg

leaf_senesced_K_per_dry_mass

label: Senesced leaf potassium (K) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Senesced leaf potassium (K) content per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 mg/g

leaf_senesced_Mg_per_dry_mass

label: Senesced leaf magnesium (Mg) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Senesced leaf magnesium (Mg) content per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.01 - 100 mg/g

leaf_senesced_Mn_per_dry_mass

label: Senesced leaf manganese (Mn) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Senesced leaf manganese (Mn) content per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/kg
allowable range: 1 - 10000 mg/kg

leaf_senesced_Mo_per_dry_mass

label: Senesced leaf molybdenum (Mo) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Senesced leaf molybdenum (Mo) content per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/kg
allowable range: 0 - 30 mg/kg

leaf_senesced_N_per_dry_mass

label: Senesced leaf nitrogen (N) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Senesced leaf nitrogen (N) content per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 1 - 100 mg/g

leaf_senesced_Na_per_dry_mass

label: Senesced leaf sodium (Na) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Senesced leaf sodium (Na) content per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/kg
allowable range: 100 - 20000 mg/kg

leaf_senesced_Ni_per_dry_mass

label: Senesced leaf nickel (Ni) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Senesced leaf nickel (Ni) content per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/kg
allowable range: 10 - 1e+05 mg/kg

leaf_senesced_P_per_dry_mass

label: Senesced leaf phosphorus (P) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Senesced leaf phosphorus (P) content per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.005 - 15 mg/g

leaf_senesced_S_per_dry_mass

label: Senesced leaf sulphur (S) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Senesced leaf sulphur (S) content per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/kg
allowable range: 100 - 50000 mg/kg

leaf_senesced_Zn_per_dry_mass

label: Senesced leaf zinc (Zn) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Senesced leaf zinc (Zn) content per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/kg
allowable range: 0 - 100 mg/kg

leaf_shape

label: Leaf shape
description: Shapes of a leaf or leaflet.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- linear: A 2-dimensional shape that is very long and narrow, has parallel sides and a length:width ratio between 12:1 and 6:1
- narrowly_oblong: A 2-dimensional shape that is long and narrow, has parallel sides and a length:width ratio between 6:1 and 3:1 (synonym: lorate)
- oblong: A 2-dimensional shape that is somewhat elongated with parallel sides and a length:width ratio between 2:1 and 3:2
- linear_elliptical: A 2-dimensional shape that is a very narrow oval, with curved margins, lacking a distinct point, and a length:width ratio between 12:1 and 6:1
- narrowly_elliptical: A 2-dimensional shape that is a narrow oval, with curved margins, lacking a distinct point, and a length:width ratio between 6:1 and 3:1
- elliptical: A 2-dimensional shape that is an oval, with curved margins, lacking a distinct point, and a length:width ratio between 2:1 and 3:2 (synonyms, oval)
- widely_elliptical: A 2-dimensional shape that is a broad oval, with curved margins, lacking a distinct point, and a length:width ratio of approximately 6:5
- orbicular: A 2-dimensional shape that is approximately circular. (synonym: circular)
- oblate: A 2-dimensional shape that is a broad oval, with curved margins, lacking a distinct point, and a length:width ratio of approximately 5:6, where the petiole attaches along the broader side.
- lanceolate: A 2-dimensional shape that is narrowly egg-shaped or teardrop-shaped, with a length:width ratio between 6:1 and 3:1. The petiole attaches near the wide, curved portion of the leaf lamina.
- narrowly_ovate: A 2-dimensional shape that is narrowly egg-shaped, with a length:width ratio between 3:1 and 2:1. The petiole attaches near the wide, curved portion of the leaf lamina. (synonym, lance_ovate, widely_lanceolate)
- ovate: A 2-dimensional shape that is egg-shaped, with a length:width ratio between 2:1 and 3:2. The petiole attaches near the wide, curved portion of the leaf lamina.
- widely_ovate: A 2-dimensional shape that is broadly egg-shaped with a length:width ratio of approximately 6:5. The petiole attaches near the wide, curved portion of the leaf lamina.
- narrowly_oblanceolate: A 2-dimensional shape that is very narrowly teardrop-shaped, with a length:width ratio between 12:1 and 6:1. The leaf lamina has curved outer margins and narrows nearly to a point where it attaches to the petiole. (synonym, linear_oblanceolate)
- oblanceolate: A 2-dimensional shape that is narrowly teardrop-shaped, with a length:width ratio between 6:1 and 3:1. The leaf lamina has curved outer margins and narrows nearly to a point where it attaches to the petiole.
- narrowly_obovate: A 2-dimensional shape that is narrowly egg-shaped or teardrop-shaped with a length:width ratio between 3:1 and 2:1. The leaf lamina has curved outer margins and narrows nearly to a point where it attaches to the petiole. (synonym, oblance-obovate)
- obovate: A 2-dimensional shape that is egg-shaped with a length:width ratio between 2:1 and 3:2. The leaf lamina has curved outer margins and narrows nearly to a point where it attaches to the petiole.
- widely_obovate: A 2-dimensional shape that is broadly egg-shaped with a length:width ratio of approximately 6:5. The leaf lamina has curved outer margins and narrows nearly to a point where it attaches to the petiole.
- narrowly_triangular: A 2-dimensional shape that is narrowly triangular to wedge-shaped, with a length:width ratio 6:1 to 3:1 and the petiole attaching near the widest portion of the leaf (synonym: triangular; wedge-shaped).
- triangular: A 2-dimensional shape that is triangular to wedge-shaped, with a length:width ratio 2:1 to 3:2 and the petiole attaching near the widest portion of the leaf (synonym: wedge-shaped).
- deltate: A 2-dimensional shape that is triangular to wedge-shaped, with a length:width ratio of 1:1 and the petiole attaching along one of the broad sides.
- obtriangular: A 2-dimensional shape that is triangular to fan-shaped or wedge-shaped, with a length:width ratio 2:1 to 3:2 and the petiole attaching near the narrowest portion of the leaf (synonym: flabelliform, fan-shaped, wedge-shaped).
- narrowly_rhomboidal: A 2-dimensional shape that is like a narrow diamond, with approximately straight edges, widest near the middle, and a length:width ratio 6:1 to 3:1. The petiole attaches near one of the points.
- rhomboidal: A 2-dimensional shape that is approximately diamond or parallelogram-shaped, with approximately straight edges, widest near the middle, and a length:width ratio 2:1 to 3:2. The petiole attaches near one of the points. (synonym: rhombic, diamond)
- trullate: A 2-dimensional shape that is approximately parallelogram-shaped, widest near where the petiole attaches (base), and with a length:width ratio 2:1 to 3:2.
- narrowly_obtrullate: A 2-dimensional shape that is narrowly parallelogram-shaped, widest near the tip, and with a length:width ratio 3:1 to 6:1.
- obtrullate: A 2-dimensional shape that is approximately parallelogram-shaped, widest near the tip, and with a length:width ratio 2:1 to 3:2.
- widely_obtrullate: A 2-dimensional shape that is broadly parallelogram-shaped, widest near the tip, and with a length:width ratio of approximately 6:5.
- acicular: A 2-dimensional or 3-dimensional shape with a needlelike tip, often round in cross-section, with margins straight and parallel, and a length:width ratio greater than 12:1. (synonym, needle-shaped)
- terete: A 3-dimensional shape that is a long, narrow cylinder approximately circular in cross-section. Terete leaves often taper toward the tip.
- cordate: A 2-dimensional heart shape, approximately ovate with a cordate base, with the petiole attaching at the notch between the lobes. (synonym, cordiform)
- obcordate: A 2-dimensional heart shape, approximately ovate with a cordate apex, and the petiole attaching along the broad, curve side.
- falcate: A 2-dimensional sickle-shape, approximately lanceolate to linear and curved on one side. (synonym: scimitar-shaped, sickle-shaped, falciform)
- reniform: A 2-dimensional shape that is roughly kidney-shaped, wider than long with a rounded apex and two rounded, basal lobes that are smoothly concave at their intersection.(synonym, kidney-shaped)
- spathulate: A 2-dimensional shape that can be approximately oblong, obovate, or oblanceolate in outline with a long attenuate base, like a spoon. (synonym, spoon-shaped)
- subulate: A 2-dimensional shape that is awl-shaped, approximately narrowly oblong to narrowly triangular with a broad base. (synonym, awl-shaped).
- peltate: A 2-dimensional orbicular shape, distinguished by the petiole attaching near the center of the leaf lamina.
- filiform: A 2-dimensional shape that is long, thin, and typically flexuous, threadlike, filamentous

leaf_Si_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf silicon (Si) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf silicon (Si) content per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: g/kg
allowable range: 0.01 - 100 g/kg

leaf_soluble_protein_per_area

label: Soluble protein per leaf area
description: Mass of soluble protein per leaf area
type: numeric
units: g/m2
allowable range: 0.1 - 20 g/m2

leaf_soluble_starch_per_area

label: Soluble starch per leaf area
description: Mass of soluble starch per leaf area
type: numeric
units: g/m2
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 g/m2

leaf_soluble_starch_per_mass

label: Soluble starch per leaf mass
description: Mass of soluble starch per leaf mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.1 - 200 mg/g

leaf_soluble_sugars_per_area

label: Soluble sugars per leaf area
description: Mass of soluble sugars per leaf area
type: numeric
units: g/m2
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 g/m2

leaf_soluble_sugars_per_mass

label: Soluble sugars per leaf mass
description: Mass of soluble sugars per leaf mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 1 - 200 mg/g

leaf_specific_conductance

label: Leaf hydraulic conductivity
description: Measure of how efficiently water is transported through the leaf, determined as the ratio of water flow rate through the leaf to the difference in water potential across the leaf, standardised to leaf area.
type: numeric
units: mmol/m2/MPa/s
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 mmol/m2/MPa/s

leaf_specific_conductivity

label: Leaf specific hydraulic conductivity (Kl)
description: Kl; the ratio of leaf hydraulic conductivity to the leaf area distil to the segment
type: numeric
units: 10^4.kg/m/MPa/s
allowable range: 0.1 - 500 10^4.kg/m/MPa/s

leaf_spongy_mesophyll_Ca_per_fresh_mass

label: Ca content of spongy mesophyll cells
description: Ca content of spongy mesophyll cells
type: numeric
units: umol/g
allowable range: 1 - 1000 umol/g

leaf_spongy_mesophyll_P_per_fresh_mass

label: P content of spongy mesophyll cells
description: P content of spongy mesophyll cells
type: numeric
units: umol/g
allowable range: 0 - 30 umol/g

leaf_spongy_mesophyll_thickness

label: Spongy mesophyll cell thickness
description: Thickness of the spongy mesophyll cells
type: numeric
units: um
allowable range: 10 - 1000 um

leaf_starch_per_area

label: Starch per leaf area
description: Mass of starch per leaf area
type: numeric
units: g/m2
allowable range: 0.1 - 50 g/m2

leaf_stomatal_conductance_per_area_ambient

label: Stomatal conductance per unit leaf area under ambient conditions
description: Rate of water loss through stomata under ambient conditions, per unit leaf area
type: numeric
units: mmol{H2O}/m2/s
allowable range: 0.1 - 2000 mmol{H2O}/m2/s

leaf_stomatal_conductance_per_area_at_Amax

label: Stomatal conductance per unit leaf area under saturated light and CO2 conditions
description: Rate of water loss through stomata, per unit leaf area under saturated light and CO2 conditions
type: numeric
units: mmol{H2O}/m2/s
allowable range: 0.1 - 2000 mmol{H2O}/m2/s

leaf_stomatal_conductance_per_area_at_Asat

label: Stomatal conductance per unit leaf area under saturated light conditions
description: Rate of water loss through stomata, per unit leaf area under saturated light conditions
type: numeric
units: mmol{H2O}/m2/s
allowable range: 0.1 - 2000 mmol{H2O}/m2/s

leaf_stomatal_density_abaxial

label: Stomatal density on the lower leaf surface
description: Stomatal density on the lower leaf surface
type: numeric
units: {count}/mm2
allowable range: 1 - 1000 {count}/mm2

leaf_stomatal_density_adaxial

label: Stomatal density on the upper leaf surface
description: Stomatal density on the upper leaf surface
type: numeric
units: {count}/mm2
allowable range: 0 - 1000 {count}/mm2

leaf_stomatal_density_average

label: Stomatal density averaged across both leaf surfaces
description: Stomatal density averaged across both leaf surfaces
type: numeric
units: {count}/mm2
allowable range: 0 - 1000 {count}/mm2

leaf_stomatal_distribution

label: Stomatal distribution
description: Distribution of stomatal across the two leaf surfaces
type: categorical
allowable values:
- amphistomatic: Leaves with stomata on both leaf surfaces
- amphistomatic_uneven: Leaves with stomata on both leaf surfaces, but more stomata on the lower leaf surface
- epistomatic: Leaves that only have stomata on the upper (adaxial) leaf surface
- hypostomatic: Leaves that only have stomata on the lower (abaxial) leaf surface

leaf_stomatal_hairs

label: Whether or not stomata are covered by hairs
description: Binary variable describing whether or not stomata are covered by dense hairs
type: categorical
allowable values:
- stomata_covered_with_dense_hairs: Stomata densely covered by dense hairs
- stomata_not_covered_by_hairs: Stomata not hair-covered

leaf_stomatal_resistance_conductance_ambient

label: Leaf resistance conductance under ambient conditions
description: Leaf stomatal resistance under ambient conditions. This is the original way leaf stomatal conductance was measured and reported and is still regularly used in environmental models and meteorology. An equation converts between resistance conductance and the molar values obtained through gas exchange readings (“Plants and Microclimate” by H.G. Jones (1992), page 55 and Appendix 3; “Elevated Carbon Dioxide Impacts on Soil and Plant Water Relations” by M.B. Kirkham (2011), page 149).
type: numeric
units: cm/s
allowable range: 1e-04 - 10 cm/s

leaf_tannin_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf tannins (polyphenols) per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf tannins (polyphenols) per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/mg
allowable range: 0.001 - 1 mg/mg

leaf_thickness

label: Leaf thickness
description: The thickness of the leaf lamina, generally measured away from the midrib.
type: numeric
units: mm
allowable range: 0.01 - 51 mm

leaf_thylakoid_N_per_total_leaf_N

label: Percentage of N accounted for by thylakoid proteins
description: Percentage of N accounted for by thylakoid proteins
type: numeric
units: g/g
allowable range: 5 - 30 g/g

leaf_total_non-structural_carbohydrates_per_area

label: Total non-structural carbohydrates per leaf area
description: Total non-structural carbohydrates per leaf area
type: numeric
units: g/m2
allowable range: 0.1 - 50 g/m2

leaf_total_non-structural_carbohydrates_per_mass

label: Total non-structural carbohydrates per leaf mass
description: Total non-structural carbohydrates per leaf mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 10 - 200 mg/g

leaf_total_vein_density

label: Length of all minor and major leaf lamina veins per unit area.
description: The length of all minor and major leaf lamina veins per unit leaf area.
type: numeric
units: mm/mm2
allowable range: 0.01 - 20 mm/mm2

leaf_transmission

label: Proportion of incoming visible light that is transmitted through the leaf
description: Proportion of incoming visible light (between 400-700 nm) that is transmitted through the leaf
type: numeric
units: umol/umol
allowable range: 0.001 - 1 umol/umol

leaf_transpiration

label: Leaf transpiration under ambient conditions
description: Rate of water loss from leaf under ambient conditions
type: numeric
units: mmol{H2O}/m2/s
allowable range: 1e-04 - 10000 mmol{H2O}/m2/s

leaf_transpiration_at_Amax

label: Leaf transpiration during Amax measurement
description: Rate of water loss from leaf during Amax measurement
type: numeric
units: mmol{H2O}/m2/s
allowable range: 1e-04 - 10000 mmol{H2O}/m2/s

leaf_transpiration_at_Asat

label: Leaf transpiration during Asat measurement
description: Rate of water loss from leaf during Asat measurement
type: numeric
units: mmol{H2O}/m2/s
allowable range: 1e-04 - 10000 mmol{H2O}/m2/s

leaf_turgor_loss_point

label: Leaf turgor loss point
description: Water potential at which a leaf loses turgor
type: numeric
units: MPa
allowable range: 0.01 - 100 MPa

leaf_type

label: Leaf form
description: Variable distinguishing between general leaf form (shape) categories.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- broadleaf: Flat leaf lamina, including leaves that both are and are not,toothed, lobed, or compound.
- needle: Needle or awl-shaped leaf that is generally 3-dimensional.
- scale: Leaf reduced to a small scale.
- leafless: An adult stage plant that lacks leaves throughout the year.

leaf_vein_frequency

label: Leaf vein frequency
description: A measure of vein density, which is the number of veins intersecting the perimeter of a square divided by the perimeter of the square.
type: numeric
units: {count}/mm
allowable range: 0.01 - 20 {count}/mm

leaf_vessel_density

label: Count of vessels per area in leaves
description: Count of vessels per area in leaves
type: numeric
units: {count}/mm2
allowable range: 1 - 50000 {count}/mm2

leaf_vessel_diameter

label: Diameter of xylem vessels in leaves
description: Diameter of xylem vessels in leaves
type: numeric
units: um
allowable range: 1 - 250 um

leaf_water_band_index

label: Water band index
description: Water band index, the ratio of the reflectance at 970 nm / 900 nm, recorded from the spectro-radiometer.
type: numeric
units: {dimensionless}
allowable range: 1 - 1.1 {dimensionless}

leaf_water_content_per_area

label: Leaf water content per unit area
description: Ratio of the mass of water in a leaf to leaf surface area; leaf succulence
type: numeric
units: g/m2
allowable range: 10 - 5000 g/m2

leaf_water_content_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf water content per unit dry mass
description: Ratio of the mass of water in a leaf to leaf dry mass. (See also leaf_dry_matter_content, the ratio of a leaf’s dry mass to fresh mass, that is recorded by a greater number of studies.)
type: numeric
units: g/g
allowable range: 0.01 - 20 g/g

leaf_water_content_per_fresh_mass

label: Leaf water content per unit fresh mass
description: Ratio of the mass of water in a leaf to leaf fresh mass. (See also leaf_dry_matter_content, the ratio of a leaf’s dry mass to fresh mass, that is recorded by a greater number of studies.)
type: numeric
units: g/g
allowable range: 0.01 - 10 g/g

leaf_water_content_per_saturated_mass

label: Leaf water content per unit mass of saturated leaf
description: Ratio of water in a saturated leaf (maximal water holding capacity at full turgidity) to leaf saturated mass
type: numeric
units: g/g
allowable range: 0.1 - 10 g/g

leaf_water_use_efficiency_integrated

label: Integrated water use efficiency
description: WUE; Rate of carbon dioxide uptake relative to water loss, per unit leaf area. This measures how much biomass is produced relative to transpiration, and is therefore an integrated measure of water use efficiency. (Calculated as biomass production / transpiration)
type: numeric
units: g{H2O}/g{biomass}
allowable range: 0.1 - 200 g{H2O}/g{biomass}

leaf_water_use_efficiency_intrinsic

label: Leaf photosynthesis rate per unit stomatal conductance (photosynthetic water use efficiency, PWUE, or intrinsic WUE)
description: PWUE calculated as Aarea/gs; Ratio of photosynthesis (CO2 assimilation rate) to stomatal conductance (gs). This is intrinsic water use efficiency.
type: numeric
units: umol{CO2}/mmol{H2O}
allowable range: 0.001 - 2 umol{CO2}/mmol{H2O}

leaf_water_use_efficiency_photosynthetic

label: Leaf photosynthesis rate per unit leaf transpiration (photosynthetic water use efficiency, PWUE, or instantaneous WUE)
description: PWUE calculated as Aarea/E; Ratio of photosynthesis (CO2 assimilation rate) to leaf transpiration (E; water loss). This is also termed instantaneous water use efficiency.
type: numeric
units: umol{CO2}/mmol{H2O}
allowable range: 0.1 - 200 umol{CO2}/mmol{H2O}

leaf_width

label: Leaf width
description: The maximum width axis of a leaf or a leaf analogue (a leaflet, cladode, or phyllode), measured perpendicular to the leaf length.
type: numeric
units: mm
allowable range: 0.01 - 1e+05 mm

leaf_work_to_punch

label: Work to punch through a leaf
description: Measure of how much force (work) is required to punch through a leaf; units same as J/m2; slight variation in methods used will mean that, in some cases, values are not perfectly comparable across studies
type: numeric
units: N/m
allowable range: 0.5 - 10000 N/m

leaf_work_to_punch_adjusted

label: Work to punch through a leaf, adjusted for leaf thickness
description: Measure of how much force (work) is required to punch through a leaf, adjusted for leaf thickness; units same as J/m2; slight variation in methods used will mean that, in some cases, values are not perfectly comparable across studies
type: numeric
units: N/m2
allowable range: 1000 - 3e+07 N/m2

leaf_work_to_shear

label: Work to shear a leaf
description: Measures of how much force (work) is required to shear a leaf; equivalent to cutting a leaf with scissors; units same as J/m; slight variation in methods used will mean that, in some cases, values are not perfectly comparable across studies
type: numeric
units: N
allowable range: 0.01 - 10 N

leaf_work_to_shear_adjusted

label: Work to shear a leaf, adjusted for leaf thickness
description: Measures of how much force (work) is required to shear a leaf, adjusted to leaf thickness; same units as J/m2; also referred to as ‘fracture toughness’; slight variation in methods used will mean that, in some cases, values are not perfectly comparable across studies
type: numeric
units: N/m
allowable range: 100 - 10000 N/m

leaf_work_to_tear

label: Work to tear a leaf
description: Measures of how much force (work) is required to tear/rip a leaf; units same as J/m; slight variation in methods used will mean that, in some cases, values are not perfectly comparable across studies
type: numeric
units: N
allowable range: 0.01 - 50 N

leaf_work_to_tear_adjusted

label: Work to tear a leaf, adjusted for leaf thickness
description: Measures of how much force (work) is required to tear/rip a leaf, adjusted to leaf thickness; units same as J/m2; slight variation in methods used will mean that, in some cases, values are not perfectly comparable across studies
type: numeric
units: N/m
allowable range: 10 - 15000 N/m

leaf_xylem_delta15N

label: Xylem nitrogen (N) isotope signature (delta 15N) from leaves
description: Xylem nitrogen stable isotope signature from leaves
type: numeric
units: {delta}[ppth]
allowable range: -25 - 75 {delta}[ppth]

leaf_Zn_per_dry_mass

label: Leaf zinc (Zn) content per unit leaf dry mass
description: Leaf zinc (Zn) content per unit leaf dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/kg
allowable range: 0.1 - 1000 mg/kg

leaflet_area

label: Leaf area
description: Area of the surface of a single leaflet
type: numeric
units: mm2
allowable range: 0.1 - 1e+06 mm2

leaflet_dry_mass

label: Dry mass of a single leaflet
description: Dry mass of a single leaflet
type: numeric
units: mg
allowable range: 0.005 - 15000 mg

life_form

label: Life form
description: Raunkiaer classification of life form, indicating the location of and protection provided to surviving meristematic tissue (buds) during the unfavourable (cold or dry) season.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- phanerophyte: Plant whose perennating buds are on persistent shoots which rise at least 50 cm above the soil surface. These are normally woody perennials.
- chamaephyte: Plant whose perennating buds are on persistent shoots that do not extend more than 50 cm above the soil surface. These are normally woody perennials.
- hemicryptophyte: Plant whose perennating buds are at or near the soil surface.
- cryptophyte: Plant whose perennating buds are subterranean or under water. This grouping can be further divided into geophyte, helophyte, and hydrophyte.
- geophyte: Plant that perennates as an organ (rhizome, bulb, corm, or tuber) buried in dry soil, with all leaves dying back each year; a subcategory of cryptophyte.
- helophyte: Plant that perennates as an organ (rhizome, bulb, corm, or tuber) buried in marshy or wet soil or lying under water, with buds emerging during the growing season and shoots and leaves rising about the water surface; a subcategory of cryptophyte. (synonym, emergent_hydrophyte)
- hydrophyte: Plant that perennates as buds or as an organ (rhizome, bulb, corm, or tuber) buried in marshy or wet soil or lying under water, with shoots emerging during the growing season that remain below or at the water surface; a subcategory of cryptophyte.
- therophyte: Annual plants whose shoot and root systems die completely at the end of flowering and seed production, such that they survive the unfavourable cold or dry season in the form of seeds.
- epiphyte: Plant that grows on the surface of another plant.
- aerophyte: Plant that obtains moisture and nutrients from the air and rain, resting on other plants or the ground surface.

life_history

label: Life history
description: Categorical description of the duration of a plant’s lifespan, from germination to death.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- ephemeral: A very short-lived plant, generally with a lifespan of only a few months and the exact length of lifespan quite variable and determined by environmental conditions.
- annual: A plant that lives for up to one year after germinating, completing its life cycle in a single growing season.
- biennial: A plant that lives for up to two years after germinating, requiring two growing seasons to complete its life cycle and dying following the second growing season.
- perennial: A plant that lives for three or more growing seasons, with an exact lifespan that is indeterminate.
- short_lived_perennial: A perennial whose lifespan is less than approximately five years, with the exact lifespan generally dependent on environmental conditions.

lifespan

label: Life span (years)
description: Broad categories of plant life span, in years
type: numeric
units: a
allowable range: 0.1 - 10000 a

modified_NDVI

label: modified normalized difference vegetation index (modified NDVI)
description: Modified normalized difference vegetation index (modified NDVI), based on Landsat data
type: numeric
units: {dimensionless}
allowable range: 0.1 - 1 {dimensionless}

modulus_of_rupture

label: Bulk modulus of rupture
description: A measure of the force required to rupture xylem vessels
type: numeric
units: MPa
allowable range: 1 - 10000 MPa

nitrogen_fixing

label: Plant nitrogen fixation capacity
description: Binary variable describing whether or not a plant hosts a nitrogen-fixing bacteria
type: categorical
allowable values:
- non_nitrogen_fixer: plant does not exhibit nitrogen-fixation
- nitrogen_fixer: plant does exhibit nitrogen-fixation

osmotic_potential

label: Osmotic potential
description: Potential for water to move across a semi-permeable membrane based on solute concentration
type: numeric
units: MPa
allowable range: -10 - 0 MPa

osmotic_potential_at_full_turgor

label: Osmotic potential at full tugor
description: Osmotic potential at full tugor; calculated from a pressure-volume curve
type: numeric
units: MPa
allowable range: -10 - -0.1 MPa

parasitic

label: Plant’s parasitic status
description: Trait indicating whether a plant forms haustoria and obtains part or all of its energy-rich carbon compounds (photosynthetic sugars), mineral nutrition and/or water directly from another plant (its host) in an interaction that does not benefit the host plant.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- hemiparasitic: Plant that is photosynthetic, but augments its energy, mineral nutrition, and /or water supply through parasitism. This trait value does not distinguish between obligate hemiparasites, plants which require a host for at least part of their life cycle, and facultative hemiparasites, plants which can grow and reproduce without a host.
- hemiparasitic_obligate: Plant that is photosynthetic, but requires a host for at least part of its life cycle.
- hemiparasitic_facultative: Plant that is photosynthetic and can grow and reproduce without a host, but augments its energy, mineral nutrition, and /or water supply through parasitism.
- holoparasitic: Plant that obtains all (or nearly all) of its energy through parasitism.
- parasitic: Plant that obtains some energy, mineral nutrition and/or water through parasitism. This term is used if a dataset does not specify if a plant is a hemiparasite or a holoparasite.
- not_parasitic: In the context of this trait, a plant that does not acquire energy, mineral nutrition, and/or water via haustoria connected to another plant. It can include species that form a symbiosis, including a parasitic interaction, with a fungal partner.
- root_parasitic: Parasitic plant whose haustoria penetrate the root of a host plant.
- stem_parasitic: Parasitic plant whose haustoria penetrate the stem of a host plant.

photosynthetic_pathway

label: Photosynthetic pathway
description: Type of photosynthetic pathway displayed by plants
type: categorical
allowable values:
- c3: Plant using the ‘standard’ photosynthetic pathway, where a 3-carbon compound is produced after the first stage in the photosynthetic pathway
- c4: Plants in which the photosynthetic light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle are physically separated to reduce photo respiration
- c3-c4: Taxa that shift between c3 and c4 photosynthesis
- cam: Plants which display crassulacean acid metabolism
- c3-cam: Taxa that shift between c3 and cam photosynthesis
- c4-cam: Taxa that shift between c4 and cam photosynthesis
- facultative_cam: Species that shifts between C3 and CAM photosynesis depending on water availablility.
- unknown: Photosynthetic pathway unknown

plant_breadth

label: Plant breadth
description: Breadth of the plant canopy (smaller of two dimensions)
type: numeric
units: m
allowable range: 0.001 - 20 m

plant_climbing_mechanism

label: Mechanism vines use to climb
description: Mechanisms plants use to climb, including both specialised leaf and stem adaptations and stem growth habits.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- adventitious_roots: Roots arising from stem nodes which cling to a host plant.
- hooks: Curved stem outgrowths which allow climbers to cling to a host plant.
- spines: Straight stem outgrowths (including true spines as well as thorns and prickles) which allow climbers to cling to a host plant.
- tendrils: Modified leaves, petioles, or specialised axillary shoots that coil tightly, forming a specialised structure for climbing.
- scrambling: Stem growth habit, where the plant stems are too weak to support themselves, and instead lean on and are supported by host vegetation. There are no specialised structures employed.
- twining: Stem growth habit, where the plant stems twist or coil around a host plant to provide support.

plant_diameter_breast_height

label: Stem diameter
description: Diameter at the base of the plant, usually “DBH” except in short plants; only “maximum” values are included
type: numeric
units: mm
allowable range: 0.01 - 5000 mm

plant_energy_aquisition_strategy

label: Plant energy aquisition strategy
description: Trait indicating non-photosynthetic strategies plants use to acquire energy.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- saprophyte: Plant that acquires nutrients from decaying matter.

plant_flood_regime_classification

label: Growth and germination response to flood regime
description: Functional group classification scheme used to categorise taxa into seven groups based on their growth and germination responses to flood regime. Based on Brock and Casanova (1997) and Casanova (2011).
type: categorical
allowable values:
- terrestrial_dry: Species which germinate, grow and reproduce where there is no surface water and the water table is below the soil surface. (Dry species; Tdr)
- terrestrial_damp: Species which germinate, grow and reproduce on saturated soil. (Damp species; Tda)
- amphibious_fluctuation_tolerators_emergent: Species which germinate in damp or flooded conditions, which tolerate variation in water level, and which grow with their basal portions under water and reproduce out of water. (Emergent species; ATe)
- amphibious_fluctuation_tolerators_low: Species which germinate in damp or flooded conditions, which tolerate variation in water level, which are low-growing and tolerate complete submersion when water-levels rise. (Low-growing species; ATl)
- amphibious_fluctuation_responders_plastic: Species which germinate in flooded conditions, grow in both flooded and damp conditions, reproduce above the surface of the water, and which have morphological plasticity (e.g. heterophylly) in response to water-level variation. (Morphologically plastic species; ARp)
- amphibious_fluctuation_responders_floating: Species which germinate in flooded conditions, grow in both flooded and damp conditions, reproduce above the surface of the water, and which have floating leaves when inundated. (Species with floating leaves; ARf)
- amphibious: Species which germinate in damp or flooded conditions and can grow in or our of water.
- submerged: Species which germinate, grow and reproduce underwater. (S

plant_growth_form

label: Plant growth form
description: The form of a plant, capturing a general sense of plant height and shape, which parts of a plant are woody versus herbaceous, the number of stems arising at ground level, and the distribution of leaves relative to the main stem.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- herb: A seed-bearing plant which does not have a woody above-ground stem; when available this term has been divided into more detailed terms. (synonym, forb)
- subshrub: A plant that is only woody at the base, with the remainder of the stems regenerating yearly. This term is not meant to encompass short-lived plants that are only borderline woody. (synonym, suffrutescent)
- shrub: A woody plant that is distinguished by NOT being a tree, due to one of more of the following characteristics, 1) they are less than 8 metres in height; 2) if a plant community includes trees, the shrubs are shorter than the surrounding trees and not part of the canopy; 3) in comparison to trees, the leaves are more distributed along the entire trunk; 4) the plant has multiple relatively narrow stems arising at or near ground level. The definition of shrub is complex, as there are many single-stemmed shrubs within Australia and many taxa that are described in the taxonomic literature as a shrub or small tree.
- mallee: Refers to Eucalyptus species which are small trees that form a large lignotuber. They have multiple stems arising at or near ground level and regenerate from the lignotuber following fire.
- tree: A tall, woody, perennial plant, usually with a single main trunk, and its leaves predominately elevated above the ground surface.
- graminoid: Herbaceous plant with a grass-like morphology that is within the order Poales. Taxa both with and without a tussock form are mapped to this term. This term is most frequently applied to three large monocot families, Poaceae, Cyperaceae, and Juncaceae, but the term could apply to other taxa within Poales with a grass-like morphology, including narrow, linear leaves and non-showy flowers, including Restionaceae, Centrolepidaceae, Anarthriaceae, and Ecdeiocoleaceae. Taxa outside Poales with a grass-like morphology should be designated as herbs and also have the term tufted mapped to the trait stem_growth_habit.
- tussock: A subcategory of graminoid, which is a plant where many shoots from the basal meristem form prominent tufts.
- graminoid_not_tussock: A subcategory of graminoid, indicating a plant which explicitly lacks a tussock morphology, with the leaves not growing in tufts.
- hummock: Plant that grows as a dense mound up to 1 metre in height. The term generally applies only to species within the genera Triodia that form such mounds and these are considered a distinctive and uniquely Australian growth form.
- basal_large: A plant whose leaves form a distinctly large basal tuft or rosette, including large acaulescent monocots and cycads.
- geophyte: Subcategory of herb, specifically referring to plants that survive the winter/dry season as an organ (rhizome, bulb, corm, or tuber) buried in dry soil, with all leaves dying back each year.
- palmoid: Plant that bears a rosette-like canopy of typically large, often compound leaves atop a usually thick (pachycaulous), columnar, unbranched or little-branched stem. Palms, tree ferns, trunked cycads, trunked grass-trees, and Pandanus are mapped to this term. (synonym, rosette-tree, palm, grass-tree)
- climber: Plant that climbs up another plant’s stem or branches, rather than being able to support itself. Term used only if datasets do not specify if a climbing plant is herbaceous (a vine) or woody (a liana).
- climber_herbaceous: Herbaceous plant that climbs up another plant’s stem or branches, rather than being able to support itself. This is usually synonymous with vine. Types of climbers (scrambling, twining) are captured under the trait plant_climbing_mechanism. (synonym, vine)
- climber_woody: Woody or thick-stemmed (>2 cm) plant that climbs up another plant’s stem or branches, rather than being able to support itself. This is usually synonymous with liana. Woody climbers generally use hooks, tendrils, and/or adventitious roots to climb; the climbing mechanisms used by a taxon are captured under the trait plant_climbing_mechanism. (synonym, liana)
- fern: A taxonomic grouping; ferns are vascular plants that reproduce via spores.
- lycophyte: A taxonomic grouping that includes quillworts, clubmosses, and selaginella.

plant_growth_substrate

label: plant growth habitat
description: Trait broadly indicating the habitat in which a plant grows, the substrate on which a plant grows, or its growth medium.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- epiphyte: A plant that grows upon another plant.
- lithophyte: A plant that grows upon a rock.
- terrestrial: A plant that grows on land, and generally referencing a plant that grows in soil.
- semiaquatic: A plant that grows partially submerged in water or spends part of its life growing in water.
- aquatic: A plant that grows in water.
- marine: A plant that grows in the sea.
- hemiepiphyte: A plant that spends part of its life cycle as an epiphyte, growing upon another plant.

plant_height

label: Plant height
description: The maximum vertical height of the vegetative shoot system for a taxon in a given location.
type: numeric
units: m
allowable range: 0.001 - 130 m

plant_photosynthetic_organ

label: Plant photosynthetic organ
description: Trait indicating a plant’s primary photosynthetic organ or tissue.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- leaf: A true leaf, including both laminar and needle-shaped leaves.
- cladode: A photosynthetic shoot, regardless of form, that functions as a leaf. For example, cacti pads and Casuarina articles. (synonyms, article, phylloclade, cladophyll)
- phyllode: A flattened bladelike petiole.
- non-photosynthetic_plant: A plant that lacks any photosynthetic organs.

plant_physical_defence_structures

label: Physical defence structures
description: The presence (or explicit absence) of specific physical defence structures on a plant, including spines, thorns, prickles, and sharp-tipped leaves.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- absent: Plant that lacks a physical defence structure.
- sharp_pointed_defence: Plant that has either spines, thorns, or prickles, but the type of physical defence structure is not specified.
- prickle: A sharp-tipped outgrowth from the epidermis, bark or other plant organ that is explicitly not a spine (modified leaf) or thorn (modified stem).
- pungent_leaf_apex: A sharp-tipped leaf.
- spine: A sharp-pointed structure, which is a modified leaf or leaf part, including petioles, midribs, secondary veins, leaflets, or stipules.
- stinging_or_irritant_hairs: Trichomes that sting or irritate, by injecting a toxin.
- thorn: A sharp-pointed, stiff, woody modified stem.

plant_spinescence

label: Spinescence
description: Degree to which a plant is defended by spines, thorns and/or prickles, as defined by Pérez-Harguindeguy et al. 2013.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- no_spines: No spines. (level 0)
- low_density_soft_spines: Low or very local density of soft spines <5mm long; plant may sting or prickle when hit carelessly, but not impart strong pain. (level 1)
- high_density_soft_spines: High density of soft spines, intermediate density of spines of intermediate hardness, or low density of hard, sharp spines >5mm long; plant causes actual pain when hit carelessly. (level 2)
- high_density_hard_spines_to_5mm: Intermediate or high density of hard, sharp spines >5mm long; plant causes strong pain when hit carelessly. (level 3)
- high_density_hard_spines_to_20mm: Intermediate or high density of hard, sharp spines >20mm long; plant may cause significant wounds when hit carelessly. (level 4)
- high_density_hard_spines_to_100mm: Intermediate or high density of hard, sharp spines >100mm long; plant is dangerous to careless large mammals, including humans. (level 5)

plant_succulence

label: Plant succulence
description: Trait characterising whether the leaves or stems of a plant are thick and fleshy because they store water, generally an adaptation to arid or salty environments.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- succulent_stems: Stems are thick and fleshy.
- succulent_leaves: Leaves are thick and fleshy.
- succulent: A plant is designated as succulent, but it is not specified which tissues are thick and fleshy.
- semi-succulent: A plant has tissues that are somewhat thick and fleshy, including many chenopods.
- not_succulent: Neither stems nor leaves are thick and fleshy.

plant_tolerance_calcicole

label: Calcicole versus calcifuge status
description: Dichotonmous variable, defining plants as calcifuge (intolerant of basic soils) versus calcicole (tolerant of basic soils, such as calcareous sands and limestone derived soils)
type: categorical
allowable values:
- calcicole: tolerant of basic soils, such as calcareous sands and limestone derived soils
- calcifuge: intolerant of basic soils

plant_tolerance_inundation

label: Inundation tolerance
description: Ability of taxon to tolerate being under water
type: categorical
allowable values:
- not_applicable: Taxa is not typically confronted with beng inundated and its response is unknown.
- less_than_1_month: Taxa able to tolerate being inundated for less than 1 month.
- 1-6_months: Taxa able to tolerate being inundated for 1-6 months.
- greater_than_6_months: Taxa able to tolerate being inundated for more than 6 months.
- aquatic: Taxa truly aquatic and able to be permanantly inundated.

plant_tolerance_salt

label: Salt tolerance strategies
description: Salt-tolerance categories; Also see ‘plant_tolerance_soil_salinity’ for studies reporting actual soil salinity levels taxa can tolerate. Kew data on salt tolerance included in ‘water_tolerance’ trait
type: categorical
allowable values:
- glycophyte: Plants that cannot survive even one tenth the salt concentration found in seawater
- halophyte: Plants that complete their life cycle in a salty environment; many survive in seawater or even higher concentrations of salt
- halophyte_moderate: Plant that is moderately tolerant of soil salinity/sodicity
- hydrohalophyte: Tidal swamp or ‘mangrove’ and coastal lagoon elements and temperate-zone salt-marsh taxa are classed together.
- salt_spray_tolerant: Plant that is tolerant of salt spray (typically inhabiting near-coastal environments)
- salinity_tolerance_undefined: Plant’s ability to tolerate salt is unknown
- xerohalophyte: Plants adapted to inland salt desert and saline habitats

plant_tolerance_snow

label: Snow tolerance
description: Description of a taxon’s tolerance to snow cover
type: categorical
allowable values:
- not_applicable: Taxa is virtually never confronted with snow in nature and the response is unknown.
- intolerant: Taxa is frost tender and known to be killed by any snow.
- days: Taxa can tolerate being covered by snow for days (typically less than 1 week).
- weeks: Taxa can tolerate being covered by snow for weeks (typically less than 1 month).
- months: Taxa can tolerate being covered by snow for months.

plant_tolerance_soil_salinity

label: Salt tolerance
description: Maximum salinity tolerated by a taxon, reported as the conductivity of the soil
type: numeric
units: dS/m
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 dS/m

plant_tolerance_water_logged_soils

label: Water-logging tolerance
description: Ability of taxon to tolerate water-logged soils
type: categorical
allowable values:
- not_applicable: Taxa is not typically confronted with waterlogging and its response is unknown
- less_than_1_month: Taxa able to tolerate less than 1 month of waterlogging
- 1-6_months: Taxa able to tolerate 1-6 months of waterlogging
- greater_than_6_months: Taxa able to tolerate more than 6 months of waterlogging
- aquatic: Taxa truly aquatic and able to be permanantly inundated

plant_type_by_resource_use

label: Water and salt tolerance and use strategies
description: Plants categories referencing their ability to tolerate/obtain water and/or salt in their environment
type: categorical
allowable values:
- hydrohalophyte: Tidal swamp or ‘mangrove’ and coastal lagoon elements and temperate-zone salt-marsh taxa are classed together.
- phreatophyte: Deep-rooted plants—usually trees—obtaining water from a deep underground source that may or may not be saline.
- psammophile: Sand-loving plants commonly found in littoral strand or inland sandfields
- weedy: This inexact term is meant to indicate a high degree of adaptability to sites, and proven tendency toward aggressive colonization of either dry or wet sites, or rarely, both. In general, weeds invade and colonize highly disturbed sites or areas.
- xerohalophyte: Plants adapted to inland salt desert and saline habitats
- xerophyte: Drought-tolerant and drought-adapted plants

plant_width

label: Plant width
description: Width of the plant canopy
type: numeric
units: m
allowable range: 0.001 - 20 m

ploidy

label: Chromosome ploidy
description: Chromosome ploidy
type: numeric
units: {count}
allowable range: 1 - 4 {count}

pollination_syndrome

label: Pollination syndrome
description: Pollination syndrome
type: categorical
allowable values:
- abiotic: Pollination occurs through wind, water, or collision of free-floating particles
- animal: Generic catch-all for any form of animal pollination; change to biotic
- bat: Bat-pollinated
- bee: Bee-pollinated
- beetle: Beetle-pollinated
- bird: Bird-pollinated
- butterfly: Butterfly-pollinated
- fly: Fly-pollinated
- insect: Insect-pollinated, type of insect not specified
- moth: Moth-pollinated
- none: Spore-producing plants
- vertebrate: Vertebrate-pollinated, broadly defined
- wind: wind-pollinated
- pollination_rare: plants mostly reproduce through vegetative spread and flowering is rare

pollination_system

label: Pollination system
description: Pollination system
type: categorical
allowable values:
- abiotic: Taxa use nonliving methods such as wind and water for pollen transfer
- biotic_unspecialised: Taxa use living methods for pollen transfer, but do not have a specialist pollinator
- biotic_specialised: Taxa depend upon a specialist pollinator for pollen transfer
- self_pollination: Flowers are self-pollinated or pollinated by another flower on the same plant

post_fire_recruitment

label: Fire-cued seeding
description: Distinguishes between plants that do and do not have fire-cued seeding.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- post_fire_recruitment: Plants that germinate robustly following fire.
- post_fire_recruitment_moderate: Plants with a moderate number of seedlings present post-fire.
- no_post_fire_recruitment: Plants that do not show increased seeding following fire.

regeneration_non_fire_disturbance

label: A plant’s ability to regenerate following a non-fire disturbance.
description: An indication of whether a plant is able to regenerate from a disturbance other than fire.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- resprouts_non_fire_disturbance: Fire-killed plants that have the ability to resprout following a disturbance other than fire.

reproductive_light_environment_index

label: Canopy light environment required for reproduction
description: The minimum light environment required by seedlings for reproduction, scaled from 0 to 8. 0 indicates No direct light, extremely low levels of transmitted/reflected light, such as beneath dense fern or palm fronds close to ground level.; 0.5 indicates No direct light, very low levels of transmitted light; 1 indicates Rare or no exposure to direct light from lateral sources, and low levels of transmitted light.; 2 indicates Low lateral light and low–moderate transmitted light with <10% of inverted cone exposed to lateral sources of direct light, plus low to moderate levels of transmitted light; 3 indicates Low–moderate lateral & moderate transmitted light, wit <5% exposure of the focal crown to vertical direct light, and <15 % of inverted cone exposed to lateral sources of direct light, plus moderate transmitted light.; 4 indicates Moderate lateral light & moderate–high transmitted light, with 5 – 10% exposure of focal crown to direct vertical light, plus 2-20% exposure of inverted cone to lateral sources of direct light, plus moderate to high levels of transmitted light.; 5 indicates Moderate vertical light and moderate–high lateral light, with 5 – 20% exposure of focal crown to direct vertical light, plus one or both of, i. 10-40% exposure of 90-degree inverted cone to lateral sources of direct light, ii. exposure to high levels of transmitted light; 6 indicates Moderate-High vertical and high lateral light, with 10-30% of vertical projection of the crown exposed to vertical light, and lateral light exposure for > 40% of 90-degree inverted cone, 7 indicates High vertical and lateral light, with 30-80% of vertical projection of the crown exposed to vertical light, or exposure to lateral sources of direct light for > 60 % of a 90-degree inverted cone encompassing the focal crown.; 8 indicates Full light exposure of crown, with > 80% of the vertical projection of the crown exposed to vertical light. (reference, Wells 2012).
type: numeric
units: {dimensionless}
allowable range: 0 - 8 {dimensionless}

reproductive_maturity

label: Age of plants at reproductive maturity
description: Age of plants at reproductive maturity.
type: numeric
units: a
allowable range: 0 - 1000 a

reproductive_maturity_secondary_after_fire

label: Years required to reach secondary reproductive maturity following disturbance (fire)
description: For species that survive a fire, the number of years post-disturbance required to resprout and re-reach reproductive maturity.
type: numeric
units: a
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 a

root_C_per_dry_mass

label: Root carbon (C) content per unit root dry mass
description: Root carbon (C) content per unit root dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 50 - 750 mg/g

root_delta13C

label: Root carbon (C) isotope signature (delta 13C)
description: Root carbon stable isotope signature
type: numeric
units: {delta}[ppth]
allowable range: -50 - 0 {delta}[ppth]

root_delta15N

label: Root nitrogen (N) isotope signature (delta 15N)
description: Root nitrogen stable isotope signature
type: numeric
units: {delta}[ppth]
allowable range: -25 - 75 {delta}[ppth]

root_diameter

label: Root diameter
description: Root diameter; should only be used to record the maximum root diameter
type: numeric
units: mm
allowable range: 0.01 - 1000 mm

root_distribution_coefficient

label: Root biomass depth distribution coefficient
description: Root biomass depth distribution coefficient (‘B’ from Gale & Grigal (1987), where high values indicate root biomass allocated deeper in the soil).
type: numeric
units: {dimensionless}
allowable range: 0.5 - 1 {dimensionless}

root_dry_matter_content

label: Root dry mass per unit root fresh mass (Root dry matter content)
description: Root dry mass per unit root fresh mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 10 - 1000 mg/g

root_fine_root_coarse_root_ratio

label: Volume of fine root / Volume of coarse root
description: Volume of fine root (<0.5mm diametre) / Volume of coarse root (>0.5mm diametre)
type: numeric
units: mm3/mm3
allowable range: 0.05 - 50 mm3/mm3

root_mass_fraction

label: Fraction of plant dry mass comprised of root material
description: Fraction of plant dry mass comprised of root material
type: numeric
units: mg/mg
allowable range: 0.01 - 1 mg/mg

root_morphology

label: Categorical root descriptions, sense Cannon 1949
description: Categorical root descriptions sensu Cannon 1949, A Tentative Classification of Root Systems, Ecology, doi.org/10.2307/1932458
type: categorical
allowable values:
- type_i: The primary root is fibrous or fleshy and is relatively long; mesophytic
- type_ii: The primary root is relatively short and is fibrous. Roots are well branched in a dry habitat but branch little in one that is wet.
- type_iii: The primary root is usually long and fibrous. The first order lateral roots are well branched and are usually short; they are rather evenly distributed along the primary root; xerophytic
- type_iv: The primary root is usually long and slender like that of Type II. The first order lateral roots are well branched. Those closest to the surface of the ground, or not far below, are relatively long; xerophytic and mesophytic
- type_v: The primary root is divided-forked or branched-and fibrous, and with few first order lateral roots, or, in age, apparently with none; xerophytic
- type_vi: The primary root is usually as in Type V. The first order lateral roots are mostly on the upper portion of the primary root and are thus relatively superficial; xerophytic or in well aerated sandy soil where the rainfall is not light.
- type_vii: Adventitious roots that are in one group and arise on a short horizontal, or vertical, axis of the shoot. They are fibrous or fleshly; mesophytic and hydrophytic
- type_viii: Adventitious roots that are in one group and are fibrous and fleshy, or fibrous and thick. The fibrous adventitious roots are absorbing-anchoring roots and are usually with laterals to the second order; meophytic
- type_ix: Adventitious roots that arise on the aerial stem and branches of some herbaceous taxa, shrubs, and trees; on creepers, vines, and runners; and on subterranean rhizomes and stolons

root_N_per_dry_mass

label: Root nitrogen (N) content per unit root dry mass
description: Root nitrogen (N) content per unit root dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 mg/g

root_P_per_dry_mass

label: Root phosphorus (P) content per unit root dry mass
description: Root phosphorus (P) content per unit root dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.01 - 100 mg/g

root_shoot_ratio

label: Root to shoot ratio (dry mass)
description: Ratio of root dry mass to shoot dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg{root}/mg{shoot}
allowable range: 0.01 - 15 mg{root}/mg{shoot}

root_soluble_starch_per_mass

label: Soluble starch per root mass
description: Mass of soluble starch per root mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 mg/g

root_soluble_sugars_per_mass

label: Soluble sugars per root mass
description: Mass of soluble sugars per root mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 1 - 200 mg/g

root_specific_root_area

label: Root area per unit root dry mass (specific root area)
description: Root area per unit root dry mass
type: numeric
units: mm2/mg
allowable range: 0.001 - 1 mm2/mg

root_specific_root_length

label: Root length per unit root dry mass (specific root length, SRL)
description: Root length per unit root dry mass; SRL
type: numeric
units: m/g
allowable range: 0.5 - 5000 m/g

root_specific_taproot_length

label: Taproot length per unit root dry mass (specific tap root length, STRL)
description: Taproot length per unit root dry mass. This trait measures the efficiency of taproot length per unit mass during the very early stage of growth when seedlings need to reach reliable water.
type: numeric
units: m/g
allowable range: 0.5 - 5000 m/g

root_structure

label: Root structure
description: Specific specialized types of root structures and root symbioses. https://www.mycorrhizas.info/ provides detailed information for types of mycorrhizal associations.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- arbuscular_mycorrhizal: Symbiosis in which the mycorrhizal fungi does penetrate the cortex cells of the plant roots and its hyphae form arbuscules and vesicles inside the plant root; endomycorrhizal, AM, VAM
- carnivorous: non-mycorrhizal carnivorous root
- cluster_roots: cluster roots in non-proteoid taxa
- coiling_vam: Associations that spread predominantly by intracellular hyphal coils within roots
- dauciform_root: A type of cluster root found in the family Cyperaceae
- ectomycorrhizal: Symbiosis in which the mycorrhizal fungi does not penetrate the cortex cells of the plant roots
- ericoid_mycorrhizal: A form of arbuscular mycorrhizal relationship only found on plants in the order Ericales. The fungi’s hyphae penetrate the plant root but do not form arbuscules
- fine_roots: Particularly fine roots for nutrient uptake
- haustorium: highly modified stem or root of a parasitic plant, such as mistletoe , or a specialized branch or tube originating from a hairlike filament (hypha) of a fungus. The haustorium penetrates the tissues of a host and absorbs nutrients and water.
- hemiparasitic_root: Partially parasitic root
- long_root_hairs: Specialised long root hairs
- mycorrhizal: Mycorrhizal, type not specified
- non_mycorrhizal: Plants lacking a mycorrhizal symbiont
- orchid_mycorrhizal: A mycorrhizal relationship specific to orchid taxa, and for most orchids, essential for seedlings to establish
- parasitic_root: Parasitic root
- proteoid_root: Also known as cluster roots, are plant roots that form clusters of closely spaced short lateral rootlets and aid in nutrient upake in nutrient-poor soils; common in members of the family Proteaceae, but present in other families as well
- root_hairs: Specialised root hairs
- sand-binding: Persistent sheaths of sand that form around the roots of taxa in the families Restionaceae, Cyperaceae, Haemodoraceae, and Lomandraceae in western Australia. Assumed to function in nutrient uptake.
- saprophyte: Plant that acquires nutrients from decaying matter
- subepidermal_mycorrhizal: Mycorrhizae where hyphae grow in a cavity under epidermal cells. Only in the genus Thysanotus (family Laxmaniaceae).
- unknown: root structures unknown

root_system_type

label: Tap root
description: Binary variable describing whether or not a plant has a tap root
type: categorical
allowable values:
- tap_root_absent: tap root not present
- tap_root_present: tap root present
- tap_root_sometimes_present: tap root sometimes present

root_thickest_diameter

label: Thickest root diameter
description: Diameter of the thickest root
type: numeric
units: mm
allowable range: 0.01 - 1000 mm

root_wood_density

label: Root wood density
description: Root wood dry mass per unit root wood fresh volume
type: numeric
units: mg/mm3
allowable range: 0.05 - 10 mg/mm3

root_xylem_delta15N

label: Xylem nitrogen (N) isotope signature (delta 15N) from roots
description: Xylem nitrogen stable isotope signature from roots
type: numeric
units: {delta}[ppth]
allowable range: -25 - 75 {delta}[ppth]

sapwood_cross_sectional_area

label: Stem cross-sectional area without bark
description: Cross-sectional area of the stem once bark is removed
type: numeric
units: mm2
allowable range: 1 - 1000 mm2

sapwood_specific_conductivity

label: Sapwood specific conductivity (Ks)
description: Ks; Describes the flow rate of water (kg/s) along a stem for a given drop in pressure (1/MPa), normalised to the length of the segment (1/m). Calculated as hydraulic conductivity divided by the sapwood cross-sectional area where the measurement is taken.
type: numeric
units: kg/m/MPa/s
allowable range: 0.01 - 500 kg/m/MPa/s

sapwood_specific_conductivity_theoretical

label: Theoretical sapwood specific conductivity (Ks)
description: Theoretical Ks or Kp; Describes the theoretical flow rate of water (kg/s) along a stem for a given drop in pressure (1/MPa). Calculated as theoretical Kh, calculated based on Hagen-Poiseuille’s law, divided by the microscopically determined cross-sectional area without bark and pit.
type: numeric
units: kg/m/MPa/s
allowable range: 0.05 - 5000 kg/m/MPa/s

seed_Ca_per_seed_dry_mass

label: Seed calcium concentration
description: Seed calcium (Ca) content per unit seed mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 1 - 100 mg/g

seed_count

label: Seed count
description: Number of seeds produced by a plant
type: numeric
units: {count}
allowable range: 0 - 1e+05 {count}

seed_dormancy_class

label: Dormancy type
description: Classification for seed dormancy
type: categorical
allowable values:
- morphophysiological_dormancy: Seeds exhibit morphophysiological dormancy
- non_dormant: Seeds are non-dormant
- physical_dormancy: Seeds exhibit physical dormancy
- physiological_dormancy: Seeds exhibit physiological dormancy

seed_dry_mass

label: Seed dry mass
description: Dry mass of a mature seed, including both oven dried and air-dried samples. (Notes, Standard methods people will have used for dried seeds include, ‘fresh’ (at dispersal, mature); ‘air dried’ (at local ambient conditions); ‘seed bank air dried’ (to 15% relative humidity); ‘oven dried’ (>100 deg C for a set number of hours; e.g. seed bank standard is 103 deg C for 17 hours)
type: numeric
units: mg
allowable range: 1e-05 - 1e+06 mg

seed_dry_mass_reserve

label: Seed dry embryo and endosperm mass
description: Dry mass of a seed’s embryo and endosperm (if present), the component of a seed that provides energy to a seedling. Distinct from a seed’s dispersal structures or protective tissues.
type: numeric
units: mg
allowable range: 1e-05 - 1e+05 mg

seed_germination

label: Germination (proportion)
description: Proportion of seeds in a sample that germinated under conditions specified under methods or contextual conditions.
type: numeric
units: {count}/{count}
allowable range: 0 - 1 {count}/{count}

seed_germination_treatment

label: Germination treatment
description: Treatment required for seed to display high germination rates. The data included in AusTraits are mostly from seed banks that have recorded the protocols they use to encourage seeds to germinate. The treatments may therefore be only loosely connected to the cues required for a species’ to break dormancy.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- after_ripening: Seed germinates more readily after a period of warm, dry storage.
- chemical_treatment: Seed germinates more readily after a chemical treatment.
- cold: Seed germinates more readily after cold treatment.
- dark: Seed germinates more readily after being stored in the dark.
- heat: Seed germinates more readily after being heated.
- heat_lethal: Seed is heat sensitive. (A fire response, more than a treatment to break dormancy.)
- heat+smoke: Seed germinates more readily after a treatment that merges heat and smoke.
- imbibe_hot: Seed germinates more readily after being soaked in hot water; water temperature usually between 70 deg C to just below boiling.
- leaching: Seed germinates more readily after leaching out certain chemicals.
- light: Seed germinates more readily after light exposure.
- mycorrhizae: Seed germinates more readily if infected by a mycorrhizal symbiont.
- none: No treatment required for seed to display high germination rates.
- rain: Seed germinates more readily after rain.
- scarify: Seed coat is removed, nicked, or otherwise punctured to increase germination.
- smoke: Seed germinates more readily after being subjected to a smoke treatment; includes smoked water.
- stratification: Seed germinates more readily after being stored in moist conditions; not specified if the treatment was cold stratification or warm stratification
- stratification_cold: Seed germinates more readily after a period of cold, wet storage.
- stratification_warm: Seed germinates more readily after a period of warm, wet storage.

seed_height

label: Seed height
description: Shortest axis of a seed; orthogonal to its length and width. (Notes, Observations of this trait in AusTraits are almost certainly an undocumented mix of dimensions of true seeds and diaspores. When all or part of the fruit is not easily separated from the true seed, many researchers will have recorded and submitted a diaspore height, but labeled the data ’seed height. The intent of this measurement is that it excludes appendages, although it is likely some submitted measurements include small appendages that are not easily separated from the seed.
type: numeric
units: mm
allowable range: 0.01 - 1000 mm

seed_K_per_seed_dry_mass

label: Seed potassium concentration
description: Seed potassium (K) content per unit seed mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 1 - 100 mg/g

seed_length

label: Seed length
description: Longest linear seed dimension. (Notes, Observations of this trait in AusTraits are almost certainly an undocumented mix of dimensions of true seeds and diaspores. When all or part of the fruit is not easily separated from the true seed, many researchers will have recorded and submitted a diaspore length, but labeled the data ‘seed length’. The intent of this measurement is that it excludes appendages, although it is likely some submitted measurements include small appendages that are not easily separated from the seed.)
type: numeric
units: mm
allowable range: 0.01 - 1000 mm

seed_longevity_categorical

label: Seed longevity
description: Seed or propagule longevity
type: categorical
allowable values:
- transient: Propagule transient, lasting in the seedbank for only weeks to months.
- intermediate_longevity: Propagule survives for approximately months to less than a year, although cutoff varies by study.
- persistent: Propagule persistent, time not specified.
- short_persistent: Propagule is persistent for approximately 1 to 5 years, although cutoff varies by study.
- long_persistent: Propagule is persistent for more than 5 years, although cutoff varies by study.
- widely_dispersed: Seed longevity not important, as seeds are widely dispersed and always available for germination.

seed_longevity_numeric

label: Seed longevity
description: Seed longevity
type: numeric
units: a
allowable range: 0.01 - 1000 a

seed_Mg_per_seed_dry_mass

label: Seed magnesium concentration
description: Seed magnesium (Mg) content per unit seed mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 mg/g

seed_N_per_seed_dry_mass

label: Seed nitrgeon concentration
description: Seed nitrogen (N) content per unit seed mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 10 - 1000 mg/g

seed_oil_per_seed_dry_mass

label: Seed oil content
description: Seed oil content as a fraction of total seed weight, usually on a dry weight basis
type: numeric
units: g/g
allowable range: 1e-04 - 1 g/g

seed_P_per_seed_dry_mass

label: Seed phosphorus concentration
description: Seed phosphorus (P) content per unit seed mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 1 - 100 mg/g

seed_protein_per_seed_dry_mass

label: Seed protein content
description: Seed protein content as a fraction of total seed weight
type: numeric
units: g/g
allowable range: 1e-05 - 1 g/g

seed_release

label: Serotiny
description: When a fruit or cone only releases its seeds following an environmental trigger, often fire; ; see also ‘seed_longevity_categorical’, ‘seed_storage_location’, ‘soil_seedbank’, ‘canopy_seedbank’, and ‘serotiny’
type: categorical
allowable values:
- serotinous: Plant releases its seeds following an environmental trigger (usually fire)
- mature_en_mass: Seeds released en masse when mature (eg annually)
- gradual_release: Seeds maturing and released gradually from parent

seed_S_per_seed_dry_mass

label: Seed sulphur concentration
description: Seed sulphur (S) content per unit seed mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 mg/g

seed_shape

label: Three-dimensional shape of the seed
description: Three-dimensional shape of the seed. (Notes, The trait values indicate the approximate shape of the seed, acknowledging few seeds are exactly ellipsoid, globoid, etc. The list of terms has been chosen to represent different length:width:height ratios and different levels of symmetry. Terms that suggest very specific shapes have generally been grouped into a broader category for increased interoperability across datasets.)
type: categorical
allowable values:
- comma-shaped: A seed displaying a single arc of curvature, such that it bilaterally symmetrical. (synonyms, comma-shaped, falcate, sickle-shaped scimitar-shaped)
- conical: Cone-shaped, with a broad flat base and narrow apex; turbinate refers to the inverse shape. (synonyms, obconical, cone-shaped, turbinate, top-shaped)
- cylindrical: A cylinder, a shape with a flat top and bottom that are circular or elliptical in outline and are linked by a curved surface. (synonyms, terete)
- discoid: A subset of cylinder, a shape with a flat, circular or elliptical top and bottom, linked by a curved surface, where the length of the curved surface is much shorter than the cross-section of the flat surfaces. (synonyms, flat)
- ellipsoid: A 3-dimensional shape that is elliptic in long section and circular in cross section; length:width ratio between 2:1 and 3:2. (synonyms, obloid, oblong)
- ellipsoid_flattened: A 3-dimensional shape that is elliptic in long section and and laterally compressed/flattened such that it is non-circular in cross section; length:width ratio between 2:1 and 3:2.
- fusiform: Spindle-shaped; A 3-dimension shape that is narrowly ellipsoid, circular in cross-section and tapering sharply toward both ends. (synonyms, spindle-shaped)
- globoid: A 3-dimensional shape that is circular in both long section and cross section. (synonyms, globose, globular, spherical)
- globoid_flattened: A 3-dimensional shape that is circular in both long section and somewhat flattened such that it is non-circular in cross section.
- hemispheric: Half a sphere or globe, with a flat base, domed top, and circular in cross-section.
- hemispheric_flattened: A 3-dimensional shape that is a laterally compressed/flattened half-sphere or globe; shape has a flat base, a domed top, and is elliptical in cross-section.
- lenticular: Shaped like a biconvex lens and circular in cross section; shaped like a lentil.
- orbicular: A poorly defined term that remains in AusTraits only as a placeholder; it appears to be used as both globoid (spherical) and lenticular by different authors.
- ovoid: A 3-dimensional shape that is egg-shaped in long section and circular in cross section. Term as used in AusTraits includes variants on egg-shaped including pyriform (pear-shaped) and obovoid (inversely egg-shaped) (synonyms, pyriform, obovoid)
- ovoid_elongated: A 3-dimensional shape that is egg-shaped in long section and circular in cross section, where the length dimension is much longer than the width/height dimensions. Term as used in AusTraits includes specific shapes club-shaped (clavate/obclavate) and tear-shaped (lachrimiform). (synonyms, lachrimiform; tear-shaped; lachrymiform; clavate; obclavate; club-shaped)
- ovoid_flattened: A 3-dimensional shape that is egg-shaped in long section and laterally compressed/flattened such that is non-circular in cross section.
- polyhedral: A 3-dimensional shape with distinct, fairly flat faces and edges; includes prisms and tetrahedral shaped seeds. (synonyms, rhomboid, prismatic, pyramidal, rectangular, square)
- polyhedral_elongated: A 3-dimensional shape with distinct, fairly flat faces and edges, where the length dimension is much longer than the width/height dimensions; includes elongate prisms and elongate tetrahedral shaped seeds.
- polyhedral_inflated: A 3-dimensional shape with distinct faces and edges, but the faces tend to bulge outwards.
- reniform: Having a cross-section that is roughly circular with a notch; strictly a kidney-shape, but the definition applied here includes heart-shaped seeds and other seeds with a distinct notch. (synonyms, cordiform, kidney-shaped, heart-shaped)
- samara: A seed with wings.
- sectoroid: Shaped like an orange segment or wedge of a sphere. (synonyms, wedge-shaped)
- sinusoidal: A seed with two arcs of curvature or a single arc, such that it lacks an axis of symmetry. (synonym, sigmoidal)

seed_storage_location

label: Location where seeds are stored at maturity
description: Location where seeds are stored at maturity; see also ‘seed_longevity_categorical’, ‘soil_seedbank’, ‘canopy_seedbank’, and ‘serotiny’
type: categorical
allowable values:
- canopy: Seeds stored in the canopy, usually still within a woody cone
- soil: Seeds stored in the soil
- none: Seeds are not stored
- not_canopy: Seed explicitly not stored in the canopy; other storage locations unknown

seed_surface_hairs

label: Seed surface hairs
description: Surface hairiness of a seed, including vestiture (trichome cover) and bristles.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- hairs: Seed surface with trichomes or bristles.
- hairs_branched: Seed surface with branched trichomes or bristles.(synonyms, stellate, plumose)
- hairs_simple: Seed surface with simple trichomes or bristles. (tomentose, velutinous, velvety, sericeous)

seed_surface_texture

label: Seed surface texture
description: Surface texture of a seed, including descriptions of configuration (overall surface patterns of the epidermal cells) and epidermal excrescence (surface patterns caused by structural outgrowths of the epidermis). This trait does not include appendages; see dispersal_appendages for descriptions of seed appendages.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- bumpy: Seed surface covered with minute, rounded protuberances. (synonyms, verrucate, papillate, tuberculate, undulate)
- netted: Seed surface covered with raised, reticulate, interconnected ridges. (synonyms, reticulate)
- papery: Seed surface with a thin and papery texture. (synonyms, chartaceous)
- pitted: Seed surface pitted. (synonyms, foveolate, foveate, dimpled, punctate)
- ribbed: Seed surface with longitudinal raised ribs or ridges. (synonyms, costate, carinate, lineate, fluted, striate, strigate, lineolate, scalariform)
- rough: Seed surface rough with no organization of markings, resembling sandpaper. (synonyms, scabrous)
- scaly: Seed surface rough with loose scales differing in direction or not parallel in direction. (synonyms, scurfy, squarrose)
- smooth: Seed surface smooth, lacking texture. (synonyms, glabrous)
- wrinkled: Seed surface with a wrinkled, rugose texture. (synonyms, rugose, rugulose, bullate)

seed_viability

label: Seed viability
description: Proportion of mature seeds in a sample that are capable of germinating under suitable conditions.
type: numeric
units: {count}/{count}
allowable range: 0 - 1 {count}/{count}

seed_volume

label: Seed volume
description: Volume of a seed
type: numeric
units: mm3
allowable range: 0.001 - 1e+05 mm3

seed_width

label: Seed width
description: Longest width dimension of a seed; orthogonal to the length. (Notes, Observations of this trait in AusTraits are almost certainly an undocumented mix of dimensions of true seeds and diaspores. When all or part of the fruit is not easily separated from the true seed, many researchers will have recorded and submitted a diaspore width, but labeled the data ‘seed width’. The intent of this measurement is that it excludes appendages, although it is likely some submitted measurements include small appendages that are not easily separated from the seed.
type: numeric
units: mm
allowable range: 0.01 - 1000 mm

seedling_first_node_leaf_count

label: Leaf count at first node
description: Binary variable distinguishing between seedlings where the leaves at the first node are single versus paired.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- single: When there is a single leaf at the first node
- paired: When there is a pair of leaves at the first node

seedling_first_node_leaf_type

label: First leaf style
description: Binary variable distinguishing between seedlings where the first leaf is scale-like (cataphyll) versus leaf-like.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- scale-like: When the first leaf at germination is scale-like, also referred to as a cataphyll
- leaf-like: When the first leaf at germination is leaf-like

seedling_germination_location

label: Seedling germination location
description: Binary variable distinguishing between seedlings that germinate above versus below ground.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- epigeal: Germinant with one or more cotyledons emerging aboveground.
- hypogeal: Germinant with all cotyledons remaining belowground.

seedling_hypocotyl_hairs

label: Hypocotyl type
description: Binary variable distinguishing between glabrous versus hairy hypocotyls (the embryonic axis to which the cotyeledons are attached).
type: categorical
allowable values:
- glabrous: Hypocotyl lacks hairs
- hairy: Hypocotyl has hairs

serotiny

label: Serotiny
description: Categorical variable describing whether a fruit or cone only releases its seeds following an environmental trigger, often fire
type: categorical
allowable values:
- not_serotinous: Plant does not display serotiny
- serotinous: Plant serotinous, level not specified
- serotiny_low: Plant displays a low level of serotiny
- serotiny_moderate: Plant displays a moderate level of serotiny
- serotiny_high: Plant displays a high level of serotiny

sex_type

label: Plant sex type
description: Plant sex type
type: categorical
allowable values:
- androdioecious: Taxa in which hermaphroditic and staminate (male) plants coexist within a population
- andromonoecious: Taxa with hermaphrodite flowers and staminate flowers (producing just male gametes) on the same plant but no pistillate (female) flowers.
- dioecious: Taxa that produce male and female flowers on separate plants
- gynodioecious: Taxa in which hermaphroditic and pistillate (female) plants coexist within a population
- gynomonoecious: Taxa with hermaphrodite flowers and pistillate flowers (producing just female gametes) on the same plant but no staminate (male) flowers.
- hermaphrodite: Taxa with flowers that produce both male and female gametes; bisexual
- monoecious: Taxa that have both male and female flowers on the same plant, but an individual flower produces only male or female gametes.
- polygamous: Taxa with both unisexual and bisexual flowers on the same plant
- polygamodioecious: Taxa where some flowers on a plant are hermaphrodite and other are pistillate (female) or staminate (male)
- polygamonoecious: Taxa where some plants in a population have hermaphrodite and pistillate (female) flowers and others have hermaphrodite and staminate (male) flowers
- trioecious: Taxa where plants in a population have either hermaphroditic (bisexual) flowers, pistillate (female) flowers, or staminate (male) flowers
- unknown: inadequate information to assign a sex type

soil_seedbank

label: Seeds present in soil seedbank
description: Binary variable indicating if seeds present in soil seedbank; see also ‘seed_longevity_categorical’, ‘seed_storage_location’, ‘canopy_seedbank’, and ‘serotiny’
type: categorical
allowable values:
- soil_seedbank_absent: Seeds not present in soil seedbank
- soil_seedbank_present: Seeds present in soil seedbank

sprout_depth

label: Depth below ground (negative number) or height above ground (positive number) from which buds emerge following a disturbance (i.e. fire)
description: Depth of resprouting shoots
type: numeric
units: mm
allowable range: -100 - 100 mm

stem_C_per_dry_mass

label: Stem carbon (C) content per unit stem dry mass
description: Stem carbon (C) content per unit stem dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 100 - 1000 mg/g

stem_count_categorical

label: Stem Count, categorical
description: Number of stems present, expressed in groups, where categories were 1=1; 2-3=2; 4-10=3; 11-30=4; and >30=5. Used by Peter Vesk.
type: numeric
units: {count}
allowable range: 0 - 5 {count}

stem_cross_sectional_area

label: Stem cross-sectional area
description: Cross-sectional area of the stem
type: numeric
units: mm2
allowable range: 1 - 1000 mm2

stem_density

label: Stem dry mass per unit fresh stem volume
description: Stem dry mass per unit stem fresh volume, specifically for non-woody or partially woody stems that otherwise are outliers for wood density
type: numeric
units: mg/mm3
allowable range: 0.1 - 1.4 mg/mm3

stem_dry_matter_content

label: Stem dry mass per unit stem fresh mass (Stem dry matter content)
description: Stem dry mass per unit stem fresh mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 100 - 1000 mg/g

stem_growth_habit

label: Stem growth habit
description: Trait characterising a stem’s structure and 3-dimensional extent, including the position of stems, degree of branchiness, density of branches, and branch angles relative to other branches and the ground surface.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- arborescent: Tree-like growth habit.
- erect: Stems that grow upright.
- caespitose: Multiple short-shoots arise from the base of the plant forming a dense tuft, as in a bunch-grass (synonym, cespitose, bunch-grass, tussock)
- cushion-forming: Multiple erect, short stems arise from the soil and are so tightly packed that they form dense, even, rounded canopy with no gaps. (synonym, cushion)
- mat-forming: Multiple stems that are mostly horizontal and are densely packed, but open enough that there are still a few gaps between them.
- tufted: Plant has a dense clump of leaves, either at the base of the plant or clusters of leaves growing close together higher on the plant. This term can refer to grasses, shrubs, or trees.
- creeping: Stem that creeps along the ground, rooting at nodes. (synonym, repent)
- decumbent: Stems whose bases lie flat on the ground, but whose tips grow upward. (synonym, ascending)
- prostrate: Stems lie flat on the ground but do not root at nodes (synonym, procumbent, reclining, trailing)
- rosette: Plants whose leaves radiate from a central point at or near ground level. (synonym, acaulescent, rosulate)
- climbing: Stem that does not have a self-supporting structure and ascends by leaning on or attaching itself to surrounding vegetation or another substrate. Climbing mechanisms include tendrils, petioles, adventitious roots, scrambling, and twining and are distinguished between in the trait plant_climbing_mechanism.
- sprawling: Stem that sprawls across other plants or objects, but lacks specialised climbing structures or mechanisms.(synonym, clambering, scandent)
- rhizomatous: Plants with short horizontal underground stems from which shoots emerge.
- stoloniferous: Plants with long horizontal branches either slightly belowground or aboveground, that root at their nodes or tips, producing new plants. (synonym, sarmentose)
- spreading: Plants with a notable horizontal extent, referring either to a broad tree canopy or a shrub or herb that spreads across the ground.
- floating: Plant where most of the leaves are floating on water.
- submerged: Plant where most of the leaves are submerged beneath the surface of a waterbody.
- dense: Plant with a high density of branches.
- compact: Plant with closely packed branches.
- bushy: Plant with much-branched branches. (synonym, shrubby)
- open: Plant with an open architecture of branches.
- spindly: Plants with weak, skinny branches.

stem_hydraulic_conductivity

label: Hydraulic conductivity (Kh)
description: Kh; Measure of how efficiently water is transported through the leaf, determined as the ratio of water flow rate through the leaf to the difference in water potential across the leaf, standardised to leaf area; units same as mg*m/s/MPa
type: numeric
units: 10^6.kg.m/MPa/s
allowable range: 0.01 - 2000 10^6.kg.m/MPa/s

stem_mass_fraction

label: Stem mass fraction
description: Ratio of stem dry mass to total plant dry mass
type: numeric
units: g/g
allowable range: 0.01 - 1 g/g

stem_mass_to_shoot_mass_ratio

label: Fraction of shoot dry mass that is stems (versus leaves)
description: Fraction of shoot dry mass that is stems (versus leaves)
type: numeric
units: g/g
allowable range: 0 - 1 g/g

stem_modulus_of_elasticity

label: A measure of the force required to bend a stem
description: A measure of the force required to bend a stem; This is the modulus of a compound tissue made up of bark and wood (or xylem) and potentially pith; could also be called structural modulus of elasticity
type: numeric
units: MPa
allowable range: 10 - 100000 MPa

stem_N_per_dry_mass

label: Stem nitrogen (N) content per unit stem dry mass
description: Stem nitrogen (N) content per unit stem dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.1 - 1000 mg/g

stem_respiration_per_dry_mass

label: Stem respiration rate per unit dry mass
description: Stem respiration rate per unit dry mass
type: numeric
units: umol{CO2}/g/s
allowable range: 0.01 - 10 umol{CO2}/g/s

stem_soluble_starch_per_mass

label: Soluble starch per stem mass
description: Mass of soluble starch per stem mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 mg/g

stem_soluble_sugars_per_mass

label: Soluble sugars per stem mass
description: Mass of soluble sugars per stem mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 1 - 200 mg/g

stem_specific_conductivity

label: Sapwood specific conductivity (Ks)
description: Describes the flow rate of water (kg/s) along a stem for a given drop in pressure (1/MPa), normalised to the length of the segment (1/m). Calculated as hydraulic conductivity divided by the transverse branch area where the measurement is taken.
type: numeric
units: kg/m/MPa/s
allowable range: 0.01 - 500 kg/m/MPa/s

stem_vessel_density

label: Count of vessels per area in stems
description: Count of vessels per area in stems
type: numeric
units: {count}/mm2
allowable range: 0.4 - 2000 {count}/mm2

stem_vessel_diameter

label: Diameter of xylem vessels in stems
description: Diameter of xylem vessels in stems
type: numeric
units: um
allowable range: 1 - 1000 um

stem_vessel_diameter_hydraulic

label: Hydraulic mean diameter of xylem vessels
description: Hydraulic diameter (hydraulically weighted diameter) is based on the equivalent circle diameter D and has been introduced to reflect the actual conductance of conduits. Based on the Hagen–Poiseuille law, a few large conduits may transport an equal amount of water as many small ones.
type: numeric
units: um
allowable range: 1 - 500 um

stem_vessel_lumen_fraction

label: Fraction of xylem vessels comprised of lumen
description: Fraction of xylem vessels comprised of lumen
type: numeric
units: um2/um2
allowable range: 0.001 - 1 um2/um2

stem_vessel_multiple_fraction

label: Index for the tendency of vessels to occur in clusters (smaller value) versus occur as solitary vessels (1)
description: Vmf; A vessel grouping index, the number of groups of vessels (vessels in direct contact with one another) divided by the total number of vessels (Scholz et al. 2013). A Vmf value approximating 1 denotes a tendency towards solitary vessels.
type: numeric
units: {count}/{count}
allowable range: 0.001 - 1 {count}/{count}

stem_vessel_non_lumen_fraction

label: Fraction of xylem vessels comprised of non-lumen
description: Fraction of xylem vessels comprised of non-lumen
type: numeric
units: um2/um2
allowable range: 0.001 - 1 um2/um2

stem_vessel_wall_fraction

label: Fraction of xylem vessels comprised of cell wall
description: Fraction of xylem vessels comprised of cell wall
type: numeric
units: um2/um2
allowable range: 0.001 - 1 um2/um2

stem_water_content_per_saturated_mass

label: Water content per unit mass of saturated stem
description: Ratio of water in a saturated stem (maximal water holding capacity at full turgidity) to stem saturated mass
type: numeric
units: g/g
allowable range: 0.1 - 10 g/g

stem_water_delta18O

label: Oxygen stable isotope signature (d18O) of stem water
description: Oxygen stable isotope signature of stem water
type: numeric
units: {delta}[ppth]
allowable range: -10 - 50 {delta}[ppth]

stem_xylem_vulnerability_index

label: Ratio of vessel diameter to vessel density
description: The ratio of vessel diameter to vessel density, as an index of sap conductance and susceptibility to vessel cavitation
type: numeric
units: {dimensionless}
allowable range: 0.05 - 1000 {dimensionless}

storage_organ

label: Storage organ, either for post-fire regeneration or general energy storage. Trait values include both generic terms and quite specific ones. See Pausus, Lamont et al. 2018, doi.org/10.1111/nph.14982 for trait values used and detailed desciptions of recolonization ability and level of fire protection provided by each regeneration strategy. See also the trait bud_bank_location.
description: Storage organ
type: categorical
allowable values:
- bulb: Below ground storage organ derived from stem (and sometimes leaf) tissue.
- fleshy_underground_organ: Plants that use fleshy, generally underground organs (swellings) to regenerate; examples include corms, tubers, bulbs, and caudex
- lignotuber: Swollen woody structures are located at the transition between the stem base and root crown of woody shrubs, mallees and small trees, and are formed from stem tissues. Buds are located over the entire structure. No colonisation ability.
- rhizome: Plant has an underground stem; this stem may be woody or non-woody. Rhizomes are both a mechanism for vegetative spread and a strategy to survive fire.
- storage_organ: Storage organ present, but the type is unknown
- woody_rootstock_or_lignotuber: Plant that regenerates by resprouting from either a woody rootstock or lignotuber.
- no_storage_organ: No storage organ present

vapor_pressure_deficit

label: Vapor pressure deficit
description: Vapor pressure deficit across the leaf surface
type: numeric
units: kPa
allowable range: 0 - 5 kPa

vegetative_reproduction_ability

label: Ability to regenerate and spread through the growth and division of vegetative material.
description: A binary trait, indicating whether a plant taxon is able to reproduce and spread through the growth and division of vegetative material. For plants able to reproduce vegetatively, more detailed information is provided in the trait clonal_spread_mechanism.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- not_vegetative: Plant taxa that regenerate and spread only by seed.
- vegetative: Plant taxa that can regenerate and spread through the growth and division of vegetative material, not just from seed; examples include runners, rhizomes, and bulbs.

water_potential_50percent_lost_conductivity

label: Xylem pressure at which 50% of conductivity is lost
description: Xylem pressure at which 50% of conductivity is lost
type: numeric
units: MPa
allowable range: -15 - 0 MPa

water_potential_88percent_lost_conductivity

label: Xylem pressure at which 88% of conductivity is lost
description: Xylem pressure at which 88% of conductivity is lost
type: numeric
units: MPa
allowable range: -15 - 0 MPa

water_potential_midday

label: Midday water potential
description: A plant’s water potential during the heat of the day
type: numeric
units: MPa
allowable range: -10 - 0 MPa

water_potential_predawn

label: Pre-dawn water potential
description: A plant’s water potential just before sunrise
type: numeric
units: MPa
allowable range: -8 - 0 MPa

whole_plant_transpiration

label: Whole plant transpiration
description: Rate of water loss per plant, as calculated across longer periods of time under experimental conditions.
type: numeric
units: g/cm2/d
allowable range: 0.01 - 1000 g/cm2/d

wood_axial_parenchyma_fraction

label: Fraction of wood comprised of axial parenchyma
description: Fraction of wood comprised of axial parenchyma
type: numeric
units: um2/um2
allowable range: 0.001 - 1 um2/um2

wood_C_per_dry_mass

label: Wood carbon (C) content per unit wood dry mass
description: Wood carbon (C) content per unit wood dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 50 - 750 mg/g

wood_Ca_per_dry_mass

label: Wood calcium (Ca) content per unit wood dry mass
description: Wood calcium (Ca) content per unit wood dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.001 - 10 mg/g

wood_conduit_fraction

label: Fraction of wood comprised of all conduits
description: Fraction of wood comprised of all conduits
type: numeric
units: um2/um2
allowable range: 0.01 - 1 um2/um2

wood_dead_Ca_per_dry_mass

label: Dead wood calcium (Ca) content per unit dead wood dry mass
description: Dead wood calcium (Ca) content per unit dead wood dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 mg/g

wood_dead_K_per_dry_mass

label: Dead wood potassium (K) content per unit dead wood dry mass
description: Dead wood potassium (K) content per unit dead wood dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.01 - 10 mg/g

wood_dead_Mg_per_dry_mass

label: Dead wood magnesium (Mg) content per unit dead wood dry mass
description: Dead wood magnesium (Mg) content per unit dead wood dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.01 - 10 mg/g

wood_dead_N_per_dry_mass

label: Dead wood nitrogen (N) content per unit dead wood dry mass
description: Dead wood nitrogen (N) content per unit dead wood dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 mg/g

wood_dead_Na_per_dry_mass

label: Dead wood sodium (Na) content per unit dead wood dry mass
description: Dead wood sodium (Na) content per unit dead wood dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.001 - 1 mg/g

wood_dead_P_per_dry_mass

label: Dead wood phosphorus (P) content per unit dead wood dry mass
description: Dead wood phosphorus (P) content per unit dead wood dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.001 - 10 mg/g

wood_delta13C

label: Wood carbon (C) isotope signature (delta 13C)
description: Wood carbon stable isotope signature
type: numeric
units: {delta}[ppth]
allowable range: -50 - 0 {delta}[ppth]

wood_delta15N

label: Wood nitrogen (N) isotope signature (delta 15N)
description: Wood nitrogen stable isotope signature
type: numeric
units: {delta}[ppth]
allowable range: -25 - 75 {delta}[ppth]

wood_density

label: Stem dry mass per unit fresh stem volume
description: Stem dry mass per unit stem fresh volume (stem specific density or SSD or wood density)
type: numeric
units: mg/mm3
allowable range: 0.05 - 1.4 mg/mm3

wood_fibre_fraction

label: Fraction of wood comprised of fibres
description: Fraction of wood comprised of fibres
type: numeric
units: um2/um2
allowable range: 0.01 - 1 um2/um2

wood_K_per_dry_mass

label: Wood potassium (K) content per unit wood dry mass
description: Wood potassium (K) content per unit wood dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.01 - 100 mg/g

wood_Mg_per_dry_mass

label: Wood magnesium (Mg) content per unit wood dry mass
description: Wood magnesium (Mg) content per unit wood dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.01 - 10 mg/g

wood_N_per_dry_mass

label: Wood nitrogen (N) content per unit wood dry mass
description: Wood nitrogen (N) content per unit wood dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 mg/g

wood_Na_per_dry_mass

label: Wood sodium (Na) content per unit wood dry mass
description: Wood sodium (Na) content per unit wood dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.1 - 100 mg/g

wood_P_per_dry_mass

label: Wood phosphorus (P) content per unit wood dry mass
description: Wood phosphorus (P) content per unit wood dry mass
type: numeric
units: mg/g
allowable range: 0.001 - 10 mg/g

wood_ray_parenchyma_fraction

label: Fraction of wood comprised of rays
description: Fraction of wood comprised of rays
type: numeric
units: um2/um2
allowable range: 0.01 - 1 um2/um2

wood_tracheid_fraction

label: Fraction of wood comprised of tracheids
description: Fraction of wood comprised of tracheids
type: numeric
units: um2/um2
allowable range: 0 - 1 um2/um2

woodiness

label: Woodiness
description: A binary trait, indicating whether or not a plant’s stems are woody, with woody broadly defined to include both true wood (secondary xylem) and taxa that do not produce secondary xylem (i.e. monocots and ferns) but have thick, stiff, robust lignified stems.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- herbaceous: Plant with non-lignified stems.
- woody: Plant whose stems are stiff and lignified, including both stems that produce secondary xylem and those that produce only lignified primary tissues but are notably stiff and robust.

woodiness_detailed

label: Detailed woodiness categories
description: A variable to indicate the extent, distribution, and type of secondary xylem (true wood) and wood-like lignification (woodiness in monocots and ferns) in stems, roots, and reproductive shoots.
type: categorical
allowable values:
- herbaceous: Plant with non-lignified stems.
- woody: Plant whose stems produce secondary xylem (true wood).
- woody_base: Plant where secondary xylem (true wood) is present only at the base of stems. (synonym, suffrutescent)
- woody_root: Plant that has a woody rootstock, but non-woody above-ground stems.
- semi_woody: Plant that forms stems considered only “partially woody”, generally having lower lignin and cellulose contents and possibly not forming secondary xylem. These are generally short-lived, fast-growing stems. (synonym, green-stem shrub, soft shrub, soft wood)
- woody_like_stem: Taxa, including monocots and ferns, that produce thick, stiff, robust lignified stems, but do not produce secondary xylem.
- woody_like_inflorescence: Taxa, including monocots and ferns, that produce thick, stiff, robust lignified inflorescence shoots, but are otherwise non-woody.

xylem_modulus_of_elasticity

label: Modulus of elasticity (Young’s modulus)
description: A measure of xylem’s resistance to being deformed elastically (i.e., non-permanently) when a stress is applied to it; definition for measurements on wood (secondary xylem)
type: numeric
units: MPa
allowable range: 10 - 100000 MPa

2023-02-09

accessory_cost_fraction

accessory_cost_mass

atmospheric_CO2_concentration

bark_Al_per_dry_mass

bark_ash_per_dry_mass

bark_B_per_dry_mass

bark_C_per_dry_mass

bark_Ca_per_dry_mass

bark_cellulose_per_dry_mass

bark_Cu_per_dry_mass

bark_delta13C

bark_delta15N

bark_density

bark_dry_mass_per_surface_area

bark_Fe_per_dry_mass

bark_K_per_dry_mass

bark_lignin_per_dry_mass

bark_Mg_per_dry_mass

bark_Mn_per_dry_mass

bark_modulus_of_elasticity

bark_morphology

bark_N_per_dry_mass

bark_Na_per_dry_mass

bark_P_per_dry_mass

bark_photosynthetic_status

bark_S_per_dry_mass

bark_tannin_per_dry_mass

bark_thickness

bark_thickness_index

bark_water_content_per_dry_mass

bark_water_content_per_saturated_mass

bark_Zn_per_dry_mass

branch_mass_fraction

branch_terminal_twig_cross_sectional_area

branch_terminal_twig_length

bud_bank_location

bulk_modulus_of_elasticity

canopy_seedbank

cell_cross-sectional_area

clonal_spread_mechanism

competitive_stratum

cotyledon_function

cotyledon_position

cotyledon_type

diaspore_dry_mass

diaspore_fleshiness

dispersal_appendage

dispersal_syndrome

dispersal_unit

dispersers

embryo_colour

establishment_light_environment_index

fire_and_establishing

fire_exposure_level

fire_flame_duration

fire_fuel_bed_bulk_density

fire_fuel_consumption

fire_rate_of_spread

fire_response

fire_response_detailed

fire_response_juvenile

fire_response_numeric

fire_response_on_maturity

fire_response_stem_ratio

fire_smoulder_duration

fire_time_from_fire_to_fruit

fire_time_to_ignition

fire_total_burn_duration

flower_androecium_structural_merism

flower_androecium_structural_phyllotaxis

flower_androecium_structural_whorls_count

flower_anther_attachment

flower_anther_connective_extension

flower_anther_dehiscence

flower_anther_orientation

flower_colour

flower_count_maximum

flower_fertile_stamens_count